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The magazine for Sinclair users and Timex/Sinclair users
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January/February 1984 Volume 4, Number 1

THEMIE SECTION: SYNC IN THE HOME OFFICE
Check Your Tax Shelter ° Make a Speadsheet ° Hatch Your Nest Egg °
Control Your Home ° PROGRAMMING: Split 'n Save + Chaining Programs °
MACHINE LANGUAGE: Bit by Bit ° Search and Replace Routines °
GAMES: Highway Robbery +» REVIEWS: Word Processing Packages ° Keyboards

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Now from Timex...a powerful new computer.

72K COLOR
SOUND
UNDER 200

Timex introduces a second generation of home com-

With 72K on-board memory, it’s powerful enough to
solve more problems in your home. Entertain you with

puters designed with one purpose in mind: to be useful.

And while it does more, it does it with even greater
simplicity.

lts one-touch keyboard means you dont have to
know typing. New Timex Command Cartridges can be

used without any knowledge of programming.
Finally. A home computer you can really use in your
home: the Timex Sinclair 2068.

brilliant color graphics and 8-octave sound.
Plus do word processing in addition to spread-sheet
functions.

Unique one-touch entry.
Requires no typing skills;
makes programming
easier to learn.

Word processing capability.
This program provides
a 64-character wide screen
when used with a video monitor.
An 80-column printer that
provides hard copy
will be available early 1984.

8-octave sound.

Can be used to create
four sounds simultaneously
over a wide frequency

range.

72K on-board memory.
More memory than any
computer in its class. And
more memory means you
can do more.

~—
= =

sea p ny >)

EEE OS Ge Se

write

STICK

Timex Command Cartridges.
Provide faster, easier program
loading, take up less space.

Raised typewriter keyboard.
With full-travel keys is based
on world’s most popular
electronic keyboard design.

Sleek new compact design.
Fits easily on any desk or table.

TIMEX SINCLAIR 2068

To purcnase the Timex Sinclair 2068 computer see your local dealer, or call 1-800-24-T-1-M-E-X.

` Suggested retail price © Timex Computer Corporation, 1983

CIRCLE 62 ON READER SERVICE CARD

A NEW IMPROVED
TS1000/ZX81 KEYBOARD ATA
NEW, IMPROVED PRICE. $15.

There's only one thing wrong with the loaded with features. With it comes a separate

151000/ZX8L Its keyboard. overlay and a set of coloured stick-on labels to
Or rather its lack of one. make game playing easier.
Since its flat your fingers don't feel as if Its yours for the new, bargain price
there's any response to the pressure put on of S15.
the keys. Whichever way you look at it, we think
EIA you'll agree that its a keyboard thats quite
TSIOOO/ZX8LKEYS l 2: SECONDBASE KEY Qs ee ee Pus
in other words, youre not quite sure | Peseseni ——_eyboats ts500aeh, |

which keys you've pressed until the screen | isos |
actually tells you. Please charge my Visal] Mastercard O |

Our new improved push button keyboard Account LL | 111111 TT TT TIT] PTI HI:

changes all that. Expiry date

|
Name

It matches the TS1000/ZX81 perfectly. Aino
And the keys give a real calculator-type feel.

Because no tampering or soldering is | Signature |

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involved the guarantee is not affected. And it
will last for up to 3% million operations. ee ee ee Se ee š S A l
But our keyboard doesn't just come Al TOOT US BS ae

CIRCLE 14 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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The magazine for Sinclair users and TIMEX /Sinclair users

ESL IF TE=

January/February 1984

Volume 4, Number 1

DEPARTMENTS 52 Chaining Programs.............................. Miller
Putting two programs together
A eee Ye ss
MACHINE LANGUAGE
6 Mead ite bist ee G 2.
5G pithy Slt... kh eee O Doakes
8 InandOutofSYNC................................... Introduction to machine code, part 6
TGS TIO SPs By wo ba Tiyu ek us Arrants
Maiya Dancer. oe Nad ik ae ae T Grosjean 64 Search and Replace Routines.................. Passler
Making changes in your programs
TA SING Nos o u shun s os s 2 Grosjean
TS2068
16 Glitchoidz A O UE RO OA
60 “Subbles.. 1. ee AN Russell
17 Just for Fun.... Johnson, Matejczyk, McDaniel, Midura A multipurpose quickie
EE MENA SANO. u. DU n e Groupe 67 Watch Where You Are Going..................... Aker
Shirt-pocket Shaman Working with the display file
40 Bi a ee Hewson, Manion, Ton ARTICLES
A A l n o s U Nas 68 AZX/TS Celebration in Boston.................... Krill
BCS Sinclair-Timex User Group's 2nd anniversary
96 Index to Advertisers..................................
SYNC IN THE HOME OFFICE 70 Las Computadoras de Costa Rica............. Berggren
ZX/TS computers in Costa Rica
24 Build Your Own Spreadsheet................... Young
Fast data retrieval GAMES
29 Tax Shelter Time Bomb........................ Lipman 71 Highway Robbery.............................. Maloft
When do the taxes begin? A fast driving and money grabbing game
31 Home Control on a Budget...................... Taylor REVIEWS
Using the BSR X-10 and your ZX/TS computer
76 Word Processing on ZX/TS Computers............ Aker
42 Hatch Your Nest DO e o AA ees Draker Comparison and review of 8 packages
How long will your savings last?
81 Keyboard Alternatives........................... Kelly
PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES Keyboard roundup and comparison
51 SUN GNU GAVO a Miller 86 The Thurnall SA A ae Kelly
Freeze the upper part of your screen Hardware review
Staff Volume 4, Number 1
Founder/Editor-in-Chief........... David Ahl SYNC (USPS: 585-490; ISSN: 0279-5701) is (18 issues), $49.97. Canada and other foreign: $4
Managine Editor AS Paul Grosjean published bi-monthly by Ahl Computing, Inc., a per year additional.
Contributing Editor =. Tross David Ornstein subsidiary of Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. David Subscriptions: For all inquiries concerning sub-
PRET OO A a eee Diana Negri Rudio Ahl, President; Elizabeth B. Staples, Vice-President; scriptions, new orders, renewals, change of address
A VERGO S hop ole oe ck! ee oA Karen Brown Selwyn Taubman, Treasurer; Bertram A. Abrams, (include the name and old ZIP or mailing label),
Advertising Sales Manager ... . Wayne Stephens Secretary. 39 E. Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ problems, etc., write to: SYNC Magazine, PO
Advertising Coordinator ...... Julie Henderson 07950. Second class postage paid at New York, Box 2939, Boulder, CO 80302.

Ziff-Davis Publishing Company
Consumer Computer and Electronics Division

P'PeSIe emo u aur A EN M: Larry Sporn
Vice President/
Marketing...................J. Scott Briggs
Vice President/
Gredan Ori Seu a Th ies Carole Mandel

Vice President/

General Manager...... Eileen G. Markowitz
Creative Director..............Peter J. Blank
Promotion Manager........ Ronni Sonnenberg

NY 10001, and at additional mailing offices.

Permissions: Material in this publication may
not be reproduced in any form without permission.
Requests for permission should be directed to
Bette Amado, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, One
Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.

Subscription rates: USA: One year (6 issues),
$19.97; two years (12 issues), $36.97; three years

Advertising: For advertising information, contact
Wayne Stephens, SYNC Advertising Sales Manager,
Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, One Park Ave.,
New York, NY 10016 (phone: 212/725-4216).

All other correspondence: Address to: SYNC,
39 E. Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950. In
U.K. to: SYNC, 10 Bishops Way, Sutton Coldfield,
W. Midlands B74 4XU.

Postmaster: Send address changes to: SYNC,
PO Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960.

Cover by Bob Aiese

January/February 1984 © SYNC

Now you can purchase the Zebra-Talker unlimited vocabulary voice
synthesizer for only $59.95.

The Zebra-Talker is TS1000 and ZX-81 compatible.

The Zebra-Talker voice software (requires 16K) will help you create
whatever you want to Say.

The Zebra-Talker uses the famous VOTRAX SC01 phoneme syn-
thesizer with programmable pitch levels. It produces all the pho-
nemes required for English speech.

It is so simple to use you can add voice to any program in just
minutes.

There are hundreds of applications in education, robotics, speech
therapy, monitoring, games, prompting, and more.

Expansion connector for “Piggy Back” expandability.

You can plug the Zebra-Talker's output into any audio system, or
order our #0145 Amplifier/Speaker module with volume control for
just $12.50.

Includes assembled & tested Zebra-Talker, instruction manual, and
software on cassette.

BLIPPO

TS1000 ZX81 Sound effects generator

Add amazing sound effects to your games

Easy to program in BASIC

Wide frequency range

Features bus expansion connector
e Assembled & Tested, with Demo software
C122 BLIPPO WITHOUT SPEAKER. ... $19.95
C124 Attractive Speaker Module

"59% VOICE
SYNTHESIZER

Zebra-Talker
FOR THE TS1000 € ZX-81
ORDER C141

SPEAKER / AMPLIFIER
ORDER C145....$12.50

The ZEBRA Joystick Adaptor allows you to
connect any Atari compatible joystick to
your ZX81 or TS1000. It comes assembled
and tested with simple instructions to make
joystick versions of most action games.

e Fun to experiment in BASIC
e Complete package includes:

GREEN SCREEN

The Green Screen is a specially molded
plastic optical filter which relieves eye strain
by enhancing character contrast and by
eliminating the components of white light
which cause eye fatigue. The Green Screen
will fit any 12” TV or monitor and can easily
be trimmed with a pair of scissors to fit any
smaller size.

Simply plugs into the back of your computer
and features an expansion connector for
piggybacking. Use your own Atari
compatible joystick or add $6.50 for a
genuine Atari Joystick. FREE PATCHKIT #17
shows patches for TIMEX Flight Simulator
and other popular games.

C120 ZEBRA JOYSTICK ADAPTOR ...$19.95
C121 ATARI JOYSTICK

C1156 JOYSTICK DEMO GAMES

-Light Pen

-Computer Interface Module

-Demo Program Listings
e Assembled & Tested

ORDER C109

$24.95

_ ALL ZEBRA PRODUCTS HAVE OUR

ORDER C140. CASSETTE 5-DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

The Timex Sinclair Printer for your Timex Sinclair 1000
or Sinclair ZX81 prints 32 colums wide, two lines per second, with full
graphics and text capability. The TS2040 prints silently in two modes: 1)
full-screen printing with single-key copy command, and 2) program-
controlled printing allowing for custom control of the printing format. The
TS2040 connects easily to your computer, has simple ON/OFF controls,
comes with one roll of paper, easy to understand instructions and a 90-day
limited warranty. Order Zebra Cat. #C144 $84.95

i THERMAL PAPER FOR THE TS2040
Printer Paper SIX ROLL PACK #C143 $11.90

*Canadian Orders Add $7.00 Per Printer Plus $3.50 Per Paper 6-Pack For Shipping

THE BEST BOOKS EXPERIMENTING?

PUTER SPEECH GENERATION by John C111
Cater. 230 pages. Very enjoyable reading. - UNIVERSAL

SUGGESTED RETAIL

ONLY

$84.95

Timex Sinclair
2040 Printer

Useful & up-to-date

C135 LEARNING TIMEX SINCLAIR BASIC by Kiprai i
David Lein. 350 pages. Great for beginners ETC: `

C103 NOT JUST 30 PROGRAMS FOR THE ZX81.
Interesting programs with explanations .

C102 BYTING DEEPER INTO YOUR TS1000.
Excellent presentation with 37 tutorial
programs

C105 UNDERSTANDING YOUR ZX81 ROM
by lan Logan. Good study of ZX81 &
assembly language

C108 THE COMPLETE TS1000/ZX81 ROM DIS-

C112
PIGGY BACK
RAM OR OTHER
PERIPHERALS

Experience for yourself how much the Key-
board Beeper improves the use of your
TIMEX keyboard. Simply plug it into your
computer’s expansion connector and hear a
beep whenever a character is accepted by
the computer's keyboard input routine. No

C110
ALL SIGNALS
LABELED

software is required. Features expansion
connector for RAM etc.

BONUS 1 - You can trigger the beep from
Basic. Great for program prompts, timers,

. $19.95

ZEBRA SYSTEMS, INC.

78-06 Jamaica Avenue, Woodhaven, New York 11421 (212) 296-2385

ASSEMBLY by lan Logan. A must for
advanced users

C106 MACHINE LANGUAGE MADE SIMPLE

FOR YOUR SINCLAIR & TIMES TS1000.

C107 THE INS 8 OUTS OF THE TS1000 € ZX81.

Excellent hardware manual

__ C110 Keyed € Labeled ZX Connector $5.95
€111 Universal Protctyping Board .. $9.95

__€112 Expansion Connector

ADD $3.00 PER ORDER

FOR SHIPPING.

WE ACCEPT VISA, MASTERCARD,
CHECKS, M.O.

C.O.D. ADD $3.00 EXTRA.

N.Y. RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX.
OVERSEAS, FPO, APO, ADD 10%.
DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE.

$2.50

letters

RUNning with
Reduced RAM

Dear Editor:

I would like to suggest a different method
of lowering the RAM under which a pro-
gram is SAVEd (“RUNning with Reduced
RAM,” SYNC 3:4), especially if variables
prevent it from being lowered. LOAD the
program into 16K and CLEAR the vari-
ables. Reset RAMTOP by POKEing lo-
cations 16388 and 16389. Then SAVE the
program without the recorder running.
Finally SAVE the program to tape under
the reduced RAM.

Ed Haymore
11055 Samedra St.
Cupertino, CA 95014

Robert Hartung— Another suggestion
came from John Oliger, who has frequently
written technical articles for Syntax/SQ:
Set up a new minimal display file before
SAVE by POKEing the RAMTOP address
without using NEW, then CLS, then SAVE.
By POKEing 16389 with a value from 68
through 76, without NEW, and either before
or after a program is listed, and after a
CLS, SAVEing time will be reduced by
15 seconds.

This method will SAVE the listing along
with any defined variables or arrays which
exist above the pseudo-RAMTOP, but such
a SAVE can only be LOADed back into a
full 16K RAM, or at least a RAMTOP
definition large enough to hold all of it,
including defined variables and arrays.
This is no problem if less than 3.25K
RAM is required; but, when a listing
requiring more than 3.25K RAM is SAVEd
with the display file collapsed, it can take
up to 45 seconds upon reLOADing for
the display file to expand and the other
system files to relocate before the program
can RUN. This ts also true if the display
file is collapsed by a 22-SCROLL loop.

To be sure, NEW is not needed to reset

the RAMTOP registers if the only purpose
is to establish a minimal display file before
a SAVE, but there are additional ad-
vantages to the procedure. Moving
RAMTOP below 3.25K (with or without
NEW) reduces the time required by CLS.
This speeds up Basic moving graphics
routines that use CLS repeatedly. Further-
more, using NEW when resetting the RAM-
TOP registers prevents overwriting any
data or routines (e.g., a bytes remaining
routine) in the upper memory area by a
lengthy programs, large DIM definitions,
or system files. Resetting RAMTOP with
NEW to 1K or 2K makes it unnecessary
to remove the 16K RAM pack when writing
programs for the unexpanded machine.

So I believe the original premise of my
article is still valid.

Brick Busters

Dear Editor:

I would like to suggest some improve-
ments to Paul Thomson’s “Brick Buster”
(SYNC 3:5). It is a fine program while
working in assembler, but it is simply too
slow when it switches to Basic.

As an alternative when it computes the
score, delete lines 220-250 and then enter
these lines:

5 LET D=FEEK 16396+256xkFEEK 1
6397
220 LET S$=CHRS (PEEK (D+2) )+CHRS
(PEEK (D+) )+CHRS (PEEK (D+4) ) +CHRS
(PEEK (D+5) )
230 LET SCORE=VAL S$
This modification will be at least 50 times
faster, and (may I say it?) more elegant.

The field can be drawn instantaneously
by adding these lines.

z REM (32 characters)
1000 FOR X=16790 TO 16841

1010 INFUT A
1020 PORE X,A
1030 PRINT FEEK Xs" "sx

1040 NEXT X

Press RUN 1000 and ENTER. Then enter
the following numbers: 42,12,64,35,54,
131,35,6,30,54,131,35,16,251,54,4,35,35,6,
7,54,133,35,14,30,54,8,35,13,32,250,54,5,
35,35,16,239,17, 31,0,6,13,54,133,25,54,5,
35,35,16,247,201.
Delete lines 70-130 and 1000-1040 and
add:

100 RAND USR 16790

110 PRINT AT 0,13; "0000"

If you do not like the black blob used
as the ball, just POKE the value 52 to
locations 16589, 16663, 16681, and 16708.

SAVE and then RUN and have FUN.

I enjoy your publication very much,
and I am especially interested in articles
on machine language. Keep up the good
work.

Salvatore Cimmino
4380 Denis Papin
St-Leonard, P.Q.
Canada H1L 1R9

Help

Dear Editor:

Does anybody know the American equiv-
alent to the ZT X-750 or ZT X-752 transistor `
used in the 16K RAM pack as the heart
of the built-in oscillator/power converter
for producing the +12V and -5V required
for the memory chips in the RAM pack?
J. L. Peeler
Apdo 41 Pavas, San Jose 1200
Costa Rica

Dear Editor:

I have noticed that most other computers
have a POKE command that disables their
break keys. Is there any such command
for the TS1000? If so, what is it? Also, is
there a program for the TS1000 that lets
you create your own characters?

Brian L. Daniels
537 Pine Ridge Rd.
Raleigh, NC 27609

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

COMMODORE 64
SOFTWARE

- Ski thru’ Marine Maniacs,
G& Ts, Regattas but
beware the Great White
Hungry!!
AQUAPLANE is an
unbelievable original
Arcade Game.

COMMODORE 64
SOFTWARE

Part Man, Part Superman
the QUINTIC WARRIOR
stands along against the
sinister Crabmen and a
Domed City gone mad in

the distant future.
Are you warrior enough
to stand by his side in this

MEGA- Arcade Game.

COMMODORE 64
SOFTWARE

The Colorful King has
lost his mind and along
with it the Crown Jewels!
Now whosoever can find
the Jewels shall be
proclaimed King.
Can you?

RING OF POWER isa
sophisticated adventure
with a GRAPHICS or
TEXT option.

VIC20 SOFTWARE

Send for Advanced Information
on our new Timex-Sinclair and
Electron Range.

Attacking raiders scream
out of the sky at you, you
check your radar as an
explosion blossoms at
your side, you return their
fire sending one of the
attackers plummetting,
the fuel gauge flashes a
low fuel warning...
SKYHAWK runs in 3K or
8K with a Joystick.

~COMMODORE 64
SOFTWARE

A fully animated arcade
game with Loveable
Turtles, Cuddly Graphics
and more Cuteness than
you'll find in any other
Commodore 64 game! A
game for the young at
heart and people who
have tired of alien
bashing.

VIC20 SOFTWARE

Suddenly attacking
Colony Fighters leap at
me, | dive into their midst
firing and still bombing
the ground installations
below, the sound of
explosions rumbles away
over the landscape...
TORNADO runs on an
unexpanded VIC20 +
Joystick.

Please send me a free color catalog

| currently own or plan to buy A .................. computer
I enclose a stamped, self-addresse envelope
NAME a SAN gh)

QUICKSILVA INC.
4265 West Nakoma
San Antonio, TX 78216
Tel: (512) 340 3684

CIRCLE 34 ON READER SERVICE CARD

pas | Ree!

SOF TWEAK.

TRADEMARK OF EARTHSCENES

UBA sincieir 1006) IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK
OF TIMEX COMPUTER CORPORATION

— TIMEX =a == | ®

Exclusive silkscreened designs on quality 50/50 cotton/poly Ts.
Adult sizes: S,M,L,XL; kids’ sizes: S,M,L. $8.50 each, plus $1.50
shipping/handling. (Ohio residents, add 5.5% sales tax.)
COLORS: TS101—BLACK AND BLUE design on It. blue T only;
TS102 8 TS103—BLACK on red, It. blue or yellow T; WHITE on
black T. TO ORDER, specify quantity, size, color and design.
EARTHSCENES e P.O. BOX 21487 «COLUMBUS, OH 43221.

CIRCLE 28 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Dear Editor:

It is true that Basic is the most popular
and well-supported language for the ZX/TS
computers, but, given the power of these
mighty little machines, it is evident that
much more can be done with them.

Specifically, in the language area, im-
plementations with Forth, partial Pascal,
and Logo have been produced. A British
company recently advertised a subset of
Lisp available only in Britain.

These developments certainly whet my
appetite, and probably many others are
interested in these additions to the range
of applications. I am looking for full im-
plementations or subsets of any of the
major languages, and even some of the
lesser ones, which are usable on the ZX/TS
computers, particularly PL/1, APL, Cobol,
Fortran, Lisp, “C”, Ada, and Prolog.
Peter Marinelli
2034 Grand Concourse
Bronx, NY 10456

Upgrading Problem

Dear Editor:

What are people going to do with all
those ZX81s and TS1000s when they move
up to larger systems? Someone needs to

FOR

EEES

FLOPPY DISC
T IMEX =

HIGH PERFORMANCE floppy disc intrface
5" double sided double density drive 189
3” double density flipover disc drive 235
Power pak and cable for 2 drives+T/S 79
FULL BLOWN CPM 2.2 w/64K RAM,
VERY SMART Centronics intfc. w/cables 9°
HIGH SPEED disassembler ALL 288 codes 12
HIGH SPEED Word Processor, Mach. Lang 15
Direct Video mod. for monitor display 15
BMC 12” GREEN screen monitors 15MHz 185
STD Bus intfc. for High Tech.

ARAS

312 385 7485

develop a robot or other toy that can in-
corporate the computer instead of letting
it waste away in a closet.

Glenn A. Osborn

2624 Gunckel

Toledo, OH 43606

How about someone hooking it up with
TS2068? Or how about using it to help
someone enter the computer age by passing
it along to a niece, a nephew, a neighbor,
a retired person, the local public library
(some are checking them out like books),
the local public school (along with SYNC
and details about the TEC Newsletter?)

Inverse Matrix

Dear Editor:

In SYNC 3:6 Michael Miller asked for
a program that would find the inverse of
a matrix. Being an avid Sinclair program-
mer, I took it as a challenge and wrote a
program that calculates and displays the
inverse of a 3x3 matrix as well as its
determinant. Interested readers may con-
tact me.
Robert H. Thompson
Rt. 3, Box 189
Lake City, FL 32055 "a

AMY MODEL
SINCLAIR

179

1 drive 76?

appicns. 99

All interfaces add $18 for 2888 models

We specialize in custom modification

Box 18893 Austin
TX 78768

January/February 1984 © SYNC

FDC-100 SERIES FLOPPY DISK

SYSTEM for TIMEX SINCLAIR USERS | BL53-201

Available in both single disk and double disk
configuration

= Up to 250 K bytes per side
= High speed up to 31.2 K character/sec

m SAVE and LOAD from Timex/Sinclair BASIC no
PEEK's, POKE’s or USR’s

= All commands fully integrated into Timex/Sinclair Basic
and do not interfere with tape SAVE and LOAD

= System compatible with other computers
m Extensive command list

= Create your own data types via READ and WRITE
physical track commands

99.. for FDC-101 single drive system)

Coming Soon
COLOR SIN 81

WATCH OUR ADS FOR DETAILS

Send me more information on
[ FDC 100 Series []BLS201 [JLOS200 [] Color SIN 81
L] My check is enclosed [] MasterCard [] Visa [| COD $3 charge

New from BEG

BLEEPER SYSTEM —

= $“>Q00
m Positive signal for every 29
key press on your ZX81, T/S 1000.
= The BLEEP you hear provides positive audio
feedback that a key has been depressed and
makes data entry/program entry much easier.

m BLS-201 is easily installed in minutes and
comes with complete, easy to follow instructions.

(SPECIAL: Order with LOS-200
Tape Loading System and pay
only $14.00 save over 50%).

TAPE LOADING
SYSTEM LOS-200

Eliminate the frustration of ZX81 and T/S 1000
tapes and commercial tapes that won't load. The
LOS 200 provides the facility to check volume and
blank tape noise and to determine if a tape is
damaged. ç

FEATURES: pe
m LED indicators show: volume too highor *
low-noisey tape end of program-“voice over”.

m Earphone plug allows you to listen to the tape
while setting up and while loading tape. You can
hear drop outs and bad tone setting quite easily.

= Reset switch allows starting computer from “K”
without removing power plug.

m SAVE/LOAD switch allows both EAR and MIKE
to be plugged into computer at once. You may
simply switch between SAVE and LOAD.

= Powered completely by the computer and does
not interfere with the operation of any other
peripheral.

Please ship:

[ FDC 101 L] FDC 102 L]BLS 201 ILOS 200

CardNo.____ ExpirationDate______ Signature COMPUSA CORPORATION
s a , 3161 Bvisiol Road

A A lll ili li o Z=: Mountainside, New Jersey:07092: 1 5-4.
(2 E S AE ap (201) 654-7220 Telex: 138275

TELEPHONE: ( ) i
Add $3.50 ea. item for shipping/handling. NJ Residents add 6% Sales Tax.

CIRCLE 7 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Nano OWE OF Sync

Steve Arrants
David Grosjean

The TI-99/4A

Steve Arrants

Beset with problems from the start, the
TI 99/4 was slow to take off. The keyboard
was difficult to use, it was too expensive,
and it could not be expanded. The only
language available was Basic, and software
consisted of plug-in modules.

Dropping from a price of $1100 in 1979,
to less than $50 today, the TI 99/4A has
come the distance. The 99/4A features a
16-bit microprocessor, and color graphics
that make other manufacturers drool. A
limited typewriter style keyboard is stand-
ard, offering upper- and lowercase. Keys
may be used in three ways—upper- or
lowercase, and as function keys. Keys
may be redefined by software, adding to
their versatility.

A Peripheral Expansion System was
made available this year, allowing additional
memory and access to disk-based software
and versatile printers. A speech synthesizer
makes the TI 99/4A one of the few home
computers capable of true speech.

The real changes have occurred inside.
A new Video Display Processor and a
revised operating system aid in the creation
of sprites—special graphic characters—and
their animation. With the addition of an
Extended Basic cartridge, creation of sprites
is easily done. All of this work is done by
the new VDP Processor—the CPU is left
free to work on other information. The
CPU initiates sprite action, but the VDP
handles everything else.

TI now also provides an editor and
assembler module which includes a plug-

in cartridge and a disk. This very powerful
package allows the user to perform many
of the operations previously available only
on TI’s 990 series minicomputers. Among
the features are an Editor which works
like a word processor for assembly listings.
When so much of the “busy work” has
been eliminated, the programmer is free
to concentrate on writing better code.
The written code is relocatable and link-
able. You needn’t worry about absolute
addresses. Programs can be written in
modules, later linked by a loader. Sub-
routines can be kept on a disk and called
into a program when needed.

Users can also access utility routines
kept in ROM and GROM. Again, TI has
simplified difficult programming tasks. All

that needs to be done is to define par-
ameters and then to call them with utility
routines.

The TI 99/4A has a new look this year.
The familiar black and silver has been
replaced by grey, making it appear sleeker.
New peripherals are also available. All
Hex-bus peripherals designed to work with
TI’s new CC-40 portable computer will
work on the 99/4A. One new peripheral
is the Wafertape storage system. Using
tiny cassettes, the Wafertape system quickly
loads programs into memory. It is different
from regular cassettes in that it can search
and find a particular program on the tape.
At a suggested retail price of $140, it is
considerably cheaper than a disk drive
and controller. Other new peripherals

January/February 1984 © SYNC

yx Sinclair
es a Kradle.

Introductory Price $195.00

We know you rll x
be happy together.

You're proud of your TS-1000, so
why not make its performance even _
better with the addition of the Kradle.
It’s got a lot going for it as you'll soon ~
discover. For instance. . .

THE KEYBOARD.

Kradle uses the conventional style
keyboard but makes use of snap action ©
switches which give you tactile feed-
back and a definite “click” for a com-
fortable touch. A wide, easy-to-find
space bar and ten logically chosen extra
keys are included. These auto-shifting `
function keys make the keyboard ex-
tremely easy to use.

MEMORY FEATURES.

use with fast cassette software. It sup- Pilot Light. A power miser LED in-

- Kradle expands your computer's
memory to 64K bytes of Random
Access Memory. And only Kradle lets —
you copy the computer’s ROM into the

“bottom 8K of memory and, under soft-

ware control, turn off the ROM! This -

amazing memory circuit also lets you

presses hum and noise while making

recorder volume setting less critical.

- Circuitry. Kradle low power circuits `
are designed to run cool with your

existing power supply.

dicator light lets you know when your
computer is powered.

- Expansion Capacity. Kradle lets you

add-in economical I/O boards to ac-
cess the real world. Convenient rear —
panel cutouts permit ready access for
connectors or switches on these
boards.

- Joystick Connector. Allows you to
remotely actuate the “Graphic” and
four arrow keys with a standard 9- -pin

put machine code between 32K and
48K without affecting the video
display.

AVAILABLE ADD-INS!

The Kradle Communicator serial |
card with real RS-232 capability
under full software control. The
Kradle Manipulator parallel

- Card with 16 ( + 4) lines of digit-
al I/O (adaptable to parallel
printer port.)

THE GOODIES.

Te joystick,
With the cassette enhancer, _ . - I
tapes load easier and more reliably | Ke . e
because of Kradle's selective signal D = ELECTRONICS DESIGN CORPORATION
filter and squarer. |
Kradle was also designed for

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3 - CIRCLE 31 ON READER SERVICE CARD

include a low-cost four-color printer/
plotter, and an inexpensive modem.

Milton Bradley, a software supplier to
Texas Instruments, has the MBX Expansion
System for the 99/4A. This system provides
voice recognition capabilities, and ten
software packages have been developed
for it. Suggested retail price for the MBX
Expansion System is $129.95.

Software for the 99/4A has been a prob-
lem right from the start. TI never en-
couraged outside manufacturers to pro-
duce software. Indeed, the requirement
of a proprietary chip in software cartridges
meant that TI had the final word on all
software for the 99/4A.

Nevertheless, many third party vendors
make software for the 99/4A on cartridge,
cassette, and disk. Not as much is available
as for the T/S 1000, but the selection is
impressive.

Why Buy a Discontinued Machine?

TI has withdrawn from the home com-
puter market; why buy a 99/4A? Because
at the closeout prices, the 99/4A is an
exceptional bargain. It offers color, sound,
a decent keyboard, an exceptionally ac-
curate (but slow) Basic, and a wide range
of software for less than an Atari video
game.

Why buy a discontinued machine. View-
ed in this light, why not?

below.)

rampack, printer etc.

ENTERTAINMENT

e ACTION PAK - Two
super fast arcade
games. . .$15.95.

e PARTY PAK - Two
fun games for the
crowd. ..$15.95.

e Quickly change Eprom programs >
anytime with the Z.!.F. “pop-it” socket. lawa
e Lets you EXPAND with the built-in piggyback port lor Eiee —

matrix solving. . .$14.95. editor. .
e FINANCIAL PAK -
Loans, savings,
investment analyses. . .

Making a Dancer

David Grosjean

In this issue, we will use the T1-99/4A
and the TS1000 to simulate animation in
the form of a dancing man. We can easily
see some of the strengths and weaknesses
of each computer in creating our Fred
Astair.

First of all, we must know how we will
display the man, because this will determine
how we define the parts. For instance,
the TS1000 has strong string handling capa-
bilities and strong display commands (e.g.,
PRINT AT). It has graphics characters
that can be entered on the keyboard, but
no user definable graphics. Therefore, we
can easily put the graphics characters into
several strings and PRINT these strings
on the screen. In the lines below, 10-40,
we define H$ (head), S$ (shoulders), B$
(body), and L$ (legs). S$ and L$ contain
four different combinations of the shoulders
and legs respectively.

TS1000:

ite ee. S SS

20 LET TF wu! maama basm

30 LET B$= ç:

42 LET L$ EER PEF a ''
Graphics notes:

20: 8,6,6,5,6,6,6,5,6,6,6,6,8,6,6,6
30: 8,5
40: es omaha

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e WATCH FOR - TOOL

Cal. res. add 61/2%

Unfortunately, the TI-99 does not have
such string capabilities or handy commands
like PRINT AT, and it has no graphics
characters accessible from the keyboard.
For our project, its one saving grace is
that we can define our own characters.
The seven lines below define the head,
the body, the curved arms, and the straight
legs. We will use some of the predefined
characters including the slash, backslash,
and the hyphen. To print these characters
on the screen, we will uses the CALL
HCHAR subprogram which is like PRINT
AT except that it can only print characters
using the character codes (no strings).

Defining characters is very easy. In the
lines below, you will see first, CALL CHAR.
This is the command to define a character.
The number just inside the parentheses is
the character code we will assign it. The
letters and numbers in the quotation marks
are hexadecimal for the bits of an 8 x 8
character. For a thorough explanation of
how this part works, see the manual; it is
quite clear on this subject.

TI-99:

10 CALL CHAR
Fi819")> °

20 CALL CHAR (48, "O3030303030
30707")

30 CALL CHAR
QORQEO")

40 CALL CHAR
994230")

(43, "18181813FFF

(91, "COCOCOCOCOC

(128, "SC42AS581AS

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losAngeles California90048

TIMEX

e Powerful - fully programmable 2K memory + Portable
- 6%” x 6%” x 1%” - 12 oz. ° Expandable - Optional 16K
RAM module eSingle-key entry commands
e Educational + Unique syntax-check report codes for
error identity ° Accurate to 9Y. decimal places for full
range math and scientific functions ° Graph drawing
and animated display + Advanced 4-chip design
combining power, portability and affordable price.
TS1000 INCLUDES: Computer, power adapter,
leads/plugs for connection to TV & cassette recorder,
TV/computer switch, full instructions, and computing
course manual.

151000 ..............$54.95
ACCESSORIES FOR MISA Ssimcciair|1000 and ZX81

TS1016 - Expands TS1000 from 2K to 16K of memory. (5 oz.) . $49.95 | TS2040 - 32 Column thermal printer for TS1000 and ZX81 ... .$99.95

Keyboard Mask for Your ZX81/1000* Keyboard
ZX81/1000* Computer ` Conversion Kit

JE682-AK KEYBOARD
KIT MOUNTED IN DTE-
AK ENCLOSURE. LIGHT
TAN PANELS WITH
MOLDED DARK BROWN
END PIECES. SIZE:
14% "W x 3⁄2 "D x 3/2 "H

The JE682 Kit provides users of the 2X81 /1000 series computers a full-size in-
dustrial keyboard hook-up to their computer. The JE682 Kit allows the use of
either the full-size keyboard or the Sinclair/ Timex Keyboard. The Kit also per-
mits the simple disconnection of the Sinclair/Timex Keyboard for portable
use. The JE682 Kit consists of a full-size industrial grade keyboard with 62

FEATURES:

e Install in seconds. Remove
adhesive backing from mask
and place over keyboard.

e All characters and symbols
reproduced on mask.

e Durable — formed with poly- f keys, 2 p.c. boards, 18” ribbon cable, DIP socket and 4 rubber feet. The

carbonite sheet-satin finish. JE681 KEYBOARD MASK keyboard conversion kit can easily be mounted into the DTE-AK enclosure.
This enclosure is large enough to contain the ZX81/1000 computer and the

The JE681 Keyboard Mask provides users of the full-size keyboard together. A handy label representing the ZX81/1000

ZX81/1000 series computer the individual feel of Kenari ved: apa edo te Z m š

each keypad on the keyboard. The mask has a rais- JE682-AK Keyboard Conversion Kit...... $99.95 ea.

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feel and correctly position their fingers onto the JE682 Keyboard Conversion Kit ......... $59.95 ea.

keyboard. (WITHOUT DTE-AK CASE)

JE681 KEYBOARD MASK ..... $9.95 each DIG-AKCASE ONLY) oi ee s, $49.95 each

*ZX81/1000 is a trademark of Sinclair/Timex

BREE Bese similar” SOFTWARE | ms

THE ORGANIZER ALL TIMEX SINCLAIR SOFTWARE AND TIMEWORKS SOFTWARE REQUIRE 16K OF MEMORY

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CIRCLE 39 ON READER SERVICE CARD

50 CALL CHAR (129, "1818181818
181818")

60 CALL CHAR (44, "80CO60381F0
Fi

70 CALL CHAR (46, "0103061CFSE
"n

The next step is randomly choosing the
leg and shoulder combinations. On the
TS1000, all we do is choose one of four
from the leg string and the shoulder string.
Line 100 chooses a random number, mul-
tiplies it by 4, and adds one to it, giving us
one of the numbers 1, 5, 9, and 13, which
are the starting points of each of the
shoulder combinations. Line 110 does the
same thing for the leg string.

TS1000:
10e LET S=4¢iNT (RHÈHD#4} +41
210 LET Lese¢IntT (RHÈHD#4} +1

Since we are not using strings on the
TI-99, we must choose each character
independently. The characters were num-
bered so that they are one away from
another character to be considered for a
particular position. For instance, in line
130, RA is the dancer’s right arm. There
are two possible characters for his arm:
our defined one and a hyphen, numbered
44 and 45 respectively. In the parentheses,
random number is greater than .5 (true),
a -1 will be returned, and if the random
number is less than .5 (false), a O will

be returned. This O or -1 will be sub-.

tracted from 44, so we get either a 44
will be returned. This 0 or -1 will be
subtracted from 44, so we get either a 44
or a 45. A similar process is done for the
Left Arm, the Right Leg, and the Left
Leg.

TI-99;

130 RA=44-(RND>.S3

140 LA=43-(RND>.S

130 RL=47-(RND>., 5)

160 LL=91-(RND>. 3)

Now we must produce the coordinates
to move the dancer. On the TS1000 in
lines 50-90 below, P is the horizontal
position, and R is a random number. Again,
we use Boolean operations to decide whe-
ther we add or subtract one position to
move the man right or left by comparing
the random number to .5. (Remember

that a true expression on the TS1000 returns

a 1, while a true expression on the TI-99
returns a -1.) Lines 80 and 90 check to see
if the man is off to either edge and makes
the correction to create a complete wrap-
around instead of having a split body.

TS1000:

SY LET P=16
50 LET E=RkHD
TO LET PFP=P°E+IFR I ,Si - iF
cu IF P=34 THEM i

=
; =
— i
Së IF Pie THEN LET P

On the TI-99 version, again life is not
so simple. Basically, the same process of
creating a wraparound is carried out, except

that in an IF-THEN statement, the TI-99
can only GOTO another line number. As
a result, we must send the computer to a
different line to change P.

TI-99:

go F=13

90 R=END

100 FARER DIS IRE

110 IF F=30 THEN 280

120 IF P=2 THEN 300

280 P=3

2970 GOTO 130

BOO Fg

310 GOTO 130

Finally, we move and PRINT the man.
On the TS1000, lines 120-170 clear the
screen, print the man, and return to choose
new combinations. Note that in lines 130
and 160 we use Boolean operations again.
Line 130 chooses a random position for
the head. Since we used four characters
for the shoulders, the head cannot sit in
the middle, so we can make it move back
and forth. You can easily see how we
choose a shoulder combination—we choose
a random number and take the part of
the string beginning at that number and
including the next three characters. The
logic in 160 is used because the leg com-
binations are not of uniform length. The
open legs (the last combination) is four
characters long, while the others are only
three. Also, the last two combinations
must be printed to the left a space to
appear normal. (See if you can figure out
how the computer uses Boolean operations
to determine how much of the string to
print and where to print it. Keep in mind
that L is the starting point in the string of
a leg combination.)

ize CL:

138 PRINT AY 11,P+iRHD>.=51:H5
140 PRINT FT 12,P-1:23512 TO 342
152 PRINT AT iS PiaSs

isa PRINT AT 14,.FP-iL:+Bi;L$it TÜ
L +Z +L >i i

ive GOTa Sö

The TI-99 version is, again, more tricky.
We must use the CALL HCHAR sub-
program (horizontal character repetition)
to print the man, and we must print each
part individually. In the parentheses, the
first number is the vertical position; the
second number (P) is the horizontal po-
sition; the third number is the character
code; and the fourth (optional) is how
many times the character is to be repeated.
Line 190 clears the screen and line 270
returns to get new combinations.

TI-99:

190 CALL CLEAR

200 CALL HEHAR(12,F, 128)

210 CALL HCHAR (IS, P1, KA)

220 CALL HCHAR (13, FP, 43)

230
40
230
260
270

CALL.
CALL
CALL
CALL
GOTO

HCHAR 415, ,F+1, LA)
HCOHAR (14,F,129)
HCHAR (13, P-1, RL)
HCHAR (13, P+1,LL)
90

To the TI-99 version, we can add a
delay loop with these lines below.

TI-99:

170 FOR 1=1 TO 50

i80 NEXT I

If you have followed this program de-
velopment exactly, you should now have
a crude dancing man. (Remember to use
SLOW mode on the TS1000.) You should
also see some of the strengths of Boolean
operations, as well as the strengths of the
two computers. "a

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

MEMOTECH

The Complete Bange

Fifteen months ago Memotech developed the first 64K Memopak, designed to maximise the capabilities of the Sinclair
ZX81. Since then, using the 2X81 as a starting point, we've gone on to produce a comprehensive range of Memopaks,
adding 16K and 32K memory expansions, utilities packages comprising a Word Processor, Z80 Assembler and
Spreadsheet Analysis, plus Communication Interfaces, High Resolution Graphics and a professional quality Keyboard.
To complete our range of Timex add-ons, we are now introducing the MEMOPAK RS232 Serial Interface.

RS232 Interface

The RS232 is an all-purpose interface
which allows the Timex not only to
output to suitable serial printers, but
can link up with numerous types of
peripheral or even other processors.
The Interface has two main modes of
operation: BASIC mode allows you to
use the range of functions supplied in
the RS232 EPROM within an ordinary
BASIC program, and TERMINAL mode
allows you to use your Timex as a
terminal to another processor.

The EPROM functions offered permit
the user to send, receive and convert
bytes between Z80 code and ASCII, as
well as check the status of numerous
control flags. Received or transmitted

Memotext

Text is first arranged in 32 character
lines for the screen with comprehensive
editing facilities. On output the user
simply chooses the line length required
for printing and the system does the
rest. Used with the Memopak
Centronics Interface, the Word
Processor makes available printout with
80 character lines, upper and lower
case and single and double size
characters.

$39.95

Memopak

data can appear simultaneously on the Memory
screen, and received data may be a
Extensions

printed simultaneously.
For those just setting

out on the road to real
computing, these packs

$79.95 cable $19.95
transform the Timex from

Memopak Centronics
a toy to a powerful computer.

I/F Data storage, extended program-
The BASIC commands LPRINT ming and complex displays all become

LLIST and COPY are used to print on
any CENTRONICS type printer. All
ASCII characters are generated and
translation takes place automatically
within the pack. Reverse capitals give
lower case. Additional facilities allow
high resolution printing.

$59.95 cable $19.95
Memopak HRG

This pack breaks down the constraints
imposed by operating at the Z80
character level and allows high
definition displays to be generated. All
248 x 192 individual pixels can be
controlled using simple commands, and

the built in software enables the user to.

work interactively at the dot, line,
character, block and page levels.

$79.95

Memocalc

The screen display behaves as a
‘window’ on a large sheet of paper on
which a table of numbers is laid out.
The maximum size of the table is
determined by the memory capacity,
and with a Memopak 64K a table of up
to 7000 numbers with up to 250 rows or
99 columns can be specified.

$39.95

feasible. Further details available on request.

16K Memopak $39.95
32K Memopak $79.95
64K Memopak $119.95

Z80 Assembler

The Assembler allows
you first to code and
edit a source program in
the Z80 language, and
then assemble it into
machine code. You can
now write flexible and
economic programs.
The Editor mode

allows you to code
directly in the right
format, manipulate
inidividual lines and
control the exact placing
of source and machine
code. Routines may be
merged or listed (even
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using our Centronics
Interface). The
assembler mode handles
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hex or decimal,
comments and user-
selected lables.

$39.95

Memotech Keyboard

The Memotech plug-in Keyboard plus buffer pack takes
the effort out of data entry for Timex users. The Keyboard
has a light professional touch and is housed in an elegant
aluminum case. The simple plug-in system means that you
are not obliged to open up your Timex, use a soldering
iron or invalidate your Timex warranty.

Keyboard Buffer Pak

The Buffer Pak performs a “housekeeping” function for the
Keyboard, interfacing directly with the port of your Timex.

$79.95 — (keyboard & buffer included)

Note! All Memotech products carry a 6 mo. warranty. 80
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Order at no risk (10 day money-back guarantee): Call 617-449-6614. Or send your name,
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Sync notes

Paul Grosjean

SYNC in the Home
Office

Our theme section “SYNC in the Home
Office” offers help for several financial
questions most of us have to face sooner
or later. In “Building Your Own Spread-
sheet” Gordon Young gives an introduction
to spreadsheets for record keeping. “Hatch-
ing Your Nest Egg” by David Draker lets
you consider various options and conditions
in evaluating savings plans. “Tax Shelter
Time Bomb” from David Lipman finds
the point at which a tax saving investment
begins to produce taxable income. With
“Home Control on a Budget” Bruce Taylor
shows how to use your computer to turn
devices on and off around the house. Since
word processing is part of the modern
office, we have a comparative review by
Sharon Aker of eight of the packages
available. Of course, in using such programs
an auxiliary keyboard is very helpful.
Lawrence Kelly’s roundup and discussion
covers most of the options available. Then
Sheldon Maloff gives you a break from
all this hard work with “Highway Robbery,”
a fantasy for increasing your capital.

Coming Issues

Our theme section for March/April will
be “SYNC at the keyboard.” This will
focus on programs, programming, and
programming tips both in Basic and ma-
chine code.

Theme sections under consideration for
subsequent issues include a return to
“SYNC on the Job,” showing how the
ZX/TS computers are used in job related
situations; “SYNC Goes Shopping,” a
buyer’s guide to products for the TS2068/
Spectrum computers; and “SYNC in the
Classroom.”

Writing for SYNC

SYNC welcomes articles of interest to
users of the ZX/TS computers. If you
have an article or an idea for one, we
would like to see it. Submissions will be
returned only if accompanied by a self-
addressed envelope with postage attached.
If you want acknowledgement of receipt,
enclose a self-addressed postcard. Programs
must be accompanied by a tutorial article
discussing at a minimum how the program
works. Listings must be submitted on tape
unless they are very short. Send a self-
addressed stamped envelope for a copy
of “Writing for SYNC” which will help
you make your manuscript more “editor
friendly.”

TS1500 and TS2068

By the time you read this the Timex
Sinclair 2068 Color Computer and the
Timex Sinclair 1500 should be widely
available. We have already received en-
thusiastic reports from various locations
around the country.

SYNC will include these new machines
in its coverage. We will welcome articles
on their use and reviews of hardware and
software available for them. Wherever
possible we ask that writers include either
program listings for both machine types
(TS1000/TS2068) or suggestions of where
changes may be made.

In SYNC 3:4 we ran pictures and a
brief description of these new machines.
David Ornstein’s “Perceptions” column
in SYNC 3:5 gave a look at the new Basic
for the TS2000 series with brief descriptions
of what the various commands would do.
In SYNC 2:4 we published an extended
review of the Spectrum from which the
TS2068 is adapted.

We just received a production model
of the TS2068, and we want to share with
you some initial observations and de-
scriptions.

Size and Appearance

Upon opening the box, my first reaction
was “It’s so big!” —but that reaction comes
only if you are used to using the TS1000.
The TS2068 measures 17 3/4” x 7 1/2” x 1
3/4”. All the plug-ins are made in the
rear. An on/off switch is on the left side,
and the channel (2 or 3) switch is recessed
on the bottom. On the right is the port for
Timex’s new plug-in software. If you like
to work with the computer on your lap,
this is just the right size.

Power Supply

The AC power adaptor that comes with
the computer is about twice the size of
the ZX/TS power packs. The output is
1A at 15VDC.

The Keyboard

All users will find that the keyboard is
a significant improvement over the mem-
brane keyboard. The keys are 3/8 x 1/2”
chiclet style with spacing slightly wider
than the IBM Selectric II keyboard.
Although the key action is good, the
keyboard obviously will not have the feel
of a typewriter keyboard. When a key is
pressed, the speaker makes a little noise
and provides audio feedback. This makes
up partly for the lack of tactile feedback.
A full size space bar, shift key on both
sides, and the ENTER key at the carriage
return position on the IBM typewriters
are much more convenient for typing.
Touch typists will find this keyboard usable,
but still not like a regular typewriter key-
board. The raised dots on the F and J

January/February 1984 © SYNC

eee eee ee ee a |

Microtech
Marketing 1418 Lansing Street ° Aurora, CO 80010

HANDY ORDER FORM

FILL IN AND MAIL TODAY!

Name

Address

K a ee o TO a a A 3

Phone # ( )

MODEL #

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DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE AMOUNT

Refundable off 1st Order $ 3.00 eo es
Color Computer 72K 179.95 cee
Computer Cassette Recorder 49.95 E

Modem for 2068 109.00

29.95

TS 1000, 1500, 2068, 16K
Produces 87% Winners at the Horse Races

TOTAL

Colorado State residents please add
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Handling, Shipping
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If you are usually out during the day please leave written instructions for UPS men where to leave parcel.

Delivery in 4-6 Weeks CIRCLE 32 ON READER SERVICE CARD

keys compensate somewhat for the lack
of the extra key row on the right of the
typewriter keyboard which typists use to
help locate the home keys. Touch typists
will have to retrain their finger patterns a
bit because of the location of some im-
portant keys for touch typing such as the
period and comma, but this is normal
when you switch to another machine.

LOADing and SAVEing

One of the biggest problems ZX/TS
users have had is in LOADing and SAVE-
ing. The TS2068 is improved in that regard.
We tried three different tape recorders.
All loaded at volume settings from 7-10
with the prerecorded tapes from Timex
and with tapes of test programs we made,
SAVEd, and then LOADed. (We should
note though that all three recorders have
been generally reliable with the ZX/TS
computers also, but not in the range found
here. Also, Timex has released its own
tape recorder for computer use for $49.95.
Preliminary comments on its capabilities
have been very favorable.)

The LOADing process is much more
convenient. It goes through three steps
which are shown by color changes on the
screen. First is the searching pattern. The
borders alternate between red and cyan.
When the computer finds the program, it
goes into the finding pattern. The borders
go to a red/blue horizontal strip pattern
while the computer is picking up the name
of the program. The name is displayed. If
that is the program sought, the LOADing
process begins and the loading pattern
shows. The border shifts to a blue/yellow
stripe pattern. If the LOAD is unsuccessful,
a screen message alerts you. If the program
you want is not the first, the computer
continues searching and adding program
names to the list on the screen until it
finds the program instructed. In this way
you end up with a directory of the tape
on the screen.

Computer Output

The TS2068 will output to either a TV
or a monitor. Timex has included a state-
ment pointing out that color TV sets which
have total solid state tuning probably
cannot be used with the TS2068 and that
the AFT control, if any, must be off. If
your present set cannot be hand tuned,
you may have display problems.

Since other family members may not
want to share color TV time with the
computer, this may be a good time to
consider adding a dedicated screen. A
monitor would certainly enable you to
take full advantage of the hi res graphics
capabilities of the machine.

Color

The quality of the color depends greatly
on whether you can adjust your TV to
get the proper colors for the various keys.

The hi res color graphics on several tapes
from Timex were very well done.

Programming

Since SYNC is wholly devoted to helping
users of the Sinclair and Timex Sinclair
computers get more out of their computers,
we will not go into programming at this
time. That will be the topic of many future
articles in SYNC. However, we will note
a few new features that will be of special
interest to ZX81 and TS1000 users.

1) The FREE command will give you
the amount of memory remaining for use.
With PRINT FREE, you can find the
number of bytes in a line or a whole
program. This is much more convenient
than the byte checkers we have had for
the TS1000.

2) The MERGE command will do from
the keyboard what our “Chaining
Programs” article in this issue does. You
still must be sure that you have no lines
with the same number in the programs to
be merged.

3) Both upper and lower case letters
are available from the keyboard. The
commands are printed on the screen in
all capitals, but all other letter input will
be lower case unless you put the computer
in the CAPS LOCK mode. See the listings
in “Bubbles” and “Where Are You Going?”
in this issue.

4) All keys have repeat capabilities. No
more hitting the delete key once for each
character or hitting the right arrow key
32 times to get the cursor to the next line
of the program for editing!

5) Inverse video is available directly
from the keyboard. You can alternate
between true and inverse by using these
two commands.

6) Twenty locations are available for
programming your own characters. The
BIT command allows you to arrange all
64 bits of the character matrix into what-

olitehoidz

report

The Bookshelf Goes Supernova, 3:5
Contrary to the implication in the article,
Tim Hartnell is by no means “retired”
from the book field. Rather, we understand
that he is vigorously engaged in making
more titles available to ZX/TS users.

ZX Stock Exchange 3:5
1410: 32 spaces.
The author suggests several improve-

ments. To make the net change in stock

ever character you want. You assign your
character to one of the 20 keys, and then
you can use it from that key whenever
you want.

Documentation

The users manual for the TS2068 is a
significant improvement over the ZX81/
TS1000 manuals. It is much more com-
prehensive and much better illustrated.
While it is not a complete course in Basic,
it will give you a good start in using this
computer. There is a rush among the
book publishers to convert the well-
developed Spectrum bookshelf (see SYNC
3:5) to the TS2068.

TS1000 Convertability

Programs for the TS1000 can be entered
on the TS2068, but modifications have to
be made since there are some important
differences. For example, the character
sets are numbered differently so character
numbers will have to be changed in pro-
gram transition. The display file works
differently also. See the “Try This” column
in this issue.

Spectrum Convertability

Spectrum tapes cannot be LOADed into
the TS2068. Many Spectrum software
suppliers are busy converting the programs,
and we anticipate that by our next issue a
number of software packages will be avail-
able.

Conclusion

The TS2068 will let you take what you
have already learned for the ZX81 or
TS1000 as a base to build on. Some ad-
justments will have to be made, but you
do not have to start from scratch in areas
that both types of machine share. Working
from this base, you can move on to color,
sound, and hi res graphics.

prices lower:

2310: LET BC=-1

2270: LET BC=1
To make the stock split more realistic:
1995 IF R >.93 THEN LET S(D=S(D+.5

Try This, 3:6, p. 7, 1st col.
40: Last character is an S

Just for Fun, p. 9.
“Explanation???” is by John Richard
Coffey.

January/February 1984 © SYNC

JUSt FOr FUN

; se d hem t to: : Just for Fun, SYNC, 39 E.

If Betsy Ross Had Had a ZX81...

Dan Matejczyk

8K ROM; 2K RAM: 1K RAM

Enter Listing 1. Put your computer in
SLOW mode and note how the display
develops on the screen. After you are
satisfied that you see how the program
works, SAVE the program if you want
and hit NEW and ENTER.

Now enter Listing 2. Again put your
computer in SLOW mode and note the
change in how the display unfolds.

These programs show two different
ways of producing the same display. The
fun in writing them was to develop the
display one graphics character or plot
statement at a time while minimizing the
number of program lines to stay within
1K RAM. Compare the two programs to
see how they set up the display.

Dan Matejczyk, 20155 Keswick St., 214, Canoga
Park, CA 91306.

Listing 1

10. FOR. I=1. 1D 26

De PRINT AT S.I

SG FOR J: TO 15 =
dd PRINT AT J.T;

SO PRINT AT U4si5T:

S0 NEXT J

fi ME PL

1080 FOR I=1/'TO0 13

110 FOR J=6 TO im STEF Z
1280 PRINT AT JI; W

138 NEWT J

140 NEXT I
200 FOR J=23 TO 31 STEP 2
210 FOR I=5 TO 21 STEP 4
2280 UNPLOT I,J
238 IF JU=23 TREN GOTO 2508
240 “UNPROT -Tt+2 0-1
258 NEWT I
268 UNPLOT 25.
278 NEST a

January/February 1984 © SYNC

Graphics notes:

20: Inverse space

50, 120: Inverse space
70: Inverse space

120: Inverse space

Cy CU
11
DN]

FA TI TI

Thea T

|; at

Mee

TTD tot

SoU TA E o.
a a a os DUY ey

of III wl ep

f [Ul

CH H A E.

K.A Tha nal 0 C.a

Think of a Number

Cecil K. Johnson

“Think of a Number” is really a mathe-
matical magic trick. You think of a number,
and enter it in the computer. The program
reminds you of your selected number and
gently suggests an appropriate range of
numbers. Of course, you were not told
what use would be made of the number in
your thoughts so you very possibly thought
too high or low. Even though a range of
numbers is suggested, no numbers are
turned down, and since this is so, the
range is quite wide and interesting.

The screen will then display a 4 x 4
magic square made especially for the
number in your thoughts. Add rows or
columns, and you will find that the sum is
the secret number that you confided only
to the computer. The diagonals will also
add up the same, as will the four corner
numbers and the four in the center.

You can try another number by pressing
RUN and ENTER.

Suppose you thought of 34. Try these
combinations: 3 + 5 + 14 + 12,3 + 10 +
Lat TIBERIO E TIA AS +, 14
1. See how many combinations you can
find.

Think of some unusual numbers. For
example: With O the smallest number used
is -8, the largest is 9. Both -8 and 8 are
used. No number is repeated in a single
square. With 70 all numbers are two digit
numbers; 10 is the lowest, 25 the highest.

Cecil K. Johnson, 1009 Crest Park Dr., Garland,
TX 75042.

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with our revolutionary SPEEDLOAD™ Cartridge,
the most important addition to your TS1500.

CIRCLE 26 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Works with any memory and
program length

Very simple to use, you will
never miss a save or load

Package includes a
SPEEDLOAD Cartridge and a
Flexible Ribbon Connector,
version ll.

The Flexible Ribbon
Connector is the best solution
for connecting all TS 1000
and TS 1500 peripherals to
your computer.

Part # PL7500 $59.95
Shipping/handling $4.95

AL INTERCOMPUTER INC.

Micro Systems
358 Chestnut Hill Ave Boston, MA 02146
(617) 738-5310

Did you notice when you used 70 that
the 16 displayed numbers centered around
17? For 34 the numbers center around 9.

Try to find the smallest number that
could be used without requiring negative
numbers. Note that there are no negative
numbers used when a magic square for
500 is called up. Could you construct a
square for 500 that would use negative
numbers?

You might try combining with this Nick

Godwin's “Tidying Up Your Display”
(SYNC 3:1).

Line Notes
30-50: Gently direct the player to an
ordinarily acceptable range of numbers.
55: Major mathematical calculation.
60-95: Locate the numbers on the
square.
100, 105: Provide spaces to divide the
square from the following lines.

"NUMBER" BY CECIL K.
a GARLAND.TX. 2/9/83"
“THINK OF A NUMBER.‘

YOU SELECTED

IF A115 THEN PRINT “YOUR NU
MBER ¢ WILL BE USED BUT IT IS TOO

35 IF A<31 AND A>r14 THEN PRINT
“WE WILL ACCEPT YOUR NUMBER BUT
WOULD PREFER A LARGER NUMBER

19 IF A>3@ AND

“THAT IS A REASONABLE NUMBE

45 IF A>S4 AND A<1@@ THEN PRIN
T "WE WILL ACCEPT YOUR NUMBER BU
T. WOULD PREFER €A SMALLER NUMBER

"59 IF A>99 THEN PRINT “YOUR NU
MBER IS TOO LARGE BUT IT WILL EE

D.
=S LET B=INT ((A-30) 24)

6@ PRINT AT S,3;¿B+38,AT S,12; B+
5.AT S.18. B+2

62 TË A=31 THEN PRINT AT 5.20;
ae a 7,12; 35,AT 9,6; 14,AT 11, 16

S REM

T AT 5,20;B+16,AT 7.12;B+15,AT 9
,6:B4+14.AT 11,16;B+13

70 PRINT AT FP ,B¡B+3.AT 7,16;B+
9,AT 7,20:B+

BS IÉ AE 6) /4=B+.5 THEN PRINT
AT 5,20; 6+17,AT 7,12; 6+16,AT 9,
6:5+15,AT 11,16:B+1

59 PRINT AT 9,12; B,AT 2,16;B+7
¿AT 9.20; B+1O
(A-30) /4=B+.75 THEN PRIN
¿AT 5.20:B+18,AT 7,12:B+17.AT a

IB+1 PT 11,16;E+15
“50 PRINT AT. 11,5; B+5,AT 11,12

TF (4230) 74=B THEN PRINT AT
35,20:B+15,AT ?,12;B+14,AT 9.8:B
+15,AT 11,16;B+*12
190 PRINT

195 PRINT
: “THIS IS A 4 BY 4 MAG

“FOR AOS THE SUM
OF HORIZONTAL”

i20 PRINT “LINES OR VERTICAL CQ
oe WILL"

25 PRINT “BE YOUR CHOSEN NUMBE
63 IF A=32 THEN PRINT AT 11,16 “SA "tks
Ada 3.8;15,AT 5,20;17%,AT 7,12 gee ante “ALSO TRY THE DIRGONA
"SS IF (A-30) -4=B+.25 THEN PRIN 135 PRINT “CORNERS.”
18

The Psychic ZX

Richard Wilson McDaniel

_ In a dimly lit room, a stranger said, in a
low voice with a hypnotic tone, “Choose
a card, for it will lead you to your destiny.”
I chose and...

Actually a friend was showing me a
card trick in which he dealt out face up
three rows of five cards each. He asked
me to pick a card and tell him which row
the card was in. Then he picked up the
rows of cards and dealt them out in the
same three row, five card arrangement.
Again he asked me to tell him which row
the card was in. Again he picked up the
rows, redealt them, and asked which row
my card was now in. He collected the
cards, dealt them face up, and, much to
my surprise, found the correct card.

After a few more repetitions of the
trick, I convinced my friend to divulge
the secret. Its application is simple but
yet it remains a mystery. While waiting in
a bus station at 2:30 in the morning, I
decided to write a program to duplicate
the trick. When I implemented the pro-

Richard Wilson McDaniel, PO Box 71, Glasgow,
VA 24555.

January/February 1984 © SYNC

A Reliable Fast Loading System

u Operates 16 times faster than the
_ Sinclair system (i.e. Loads/Saves 8K in
10 secs; 48K in 110 secs)
Operates with any memory and on any
program length
@ Works equally well with AUTORUN
_ programs, BASIC or MACHINE CODE
@ This is what you get:
1. A cassette interface to improve the
~ Signal quality. To make loading most
reliable an AUTOMATIC LEVEL
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(Decoding Tool)
On Solid State Cartridge

e Disassemble any assembly language
code on memory
@ Assembly language games and other

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Needs Flexible Ribbon Connector Ver. 2

Our printer package enables you to printout
all the received information

1. 80-column Dot Matrix Printer

2. MEMOTECH Centronics Interface

3. Printer Cable #PL7019 $289.95
MEMOPAK 16K — #PL7002 $35.95
MEMOPAK 32K #PL7003 $71.95
MEMOPAK 64K HPL7004 $117.95

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-R8232 Interface #PL7006 $71.95
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= MEMOCALC #BS2001C $35.95
-. MEMOTEXT #PL7014 $35.95
a -MEMOASSEMBLER #PL7015 $35.95

e The first real integer BASIC compiler
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e Give your BASIC program the speed
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e 75times and in some cases up to 900
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e Very simple to use:
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2. Write your BASIC program
according to the manual and
compile it through the MCODER by
using a single PRINT USR

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Connects any RAM expansion to your
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e Prevents usual system crashes caused
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@ Qinches long flat ribbon cable

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e Two pass assembler, ZILOG mnemonics,
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e Debugger includes
examine/modifying, breakpoint with
register display

e Occupies 7K, comprehensive multi-
page manual #pT4003 $18.95

CIRCLE 29 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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1000's of new applications at home, office, laboratory or shoo. IN
CONTROLLER™ enables you to use your computer s power to |
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machine code software, list it on the `
screen, save it on another tape, or —
print it out u

@ Very simple to use, load STOPPE R
into your TS1000 and follow the
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#PT4002 —Cj $1

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gram, I discovered that various odd num-
bers of cards in the rows also worked. My
version of the trick uses nine cards in
each row. The 27 cards are represented
by the 26 letters of the alphabet and a
space.

I hope this program will mystify and
amaze you and your friends as much as it
has mystified and amazed me.

280: Inputs your response.

290: Checks the input.

300: Branches to the conclusion of the
program after the third question.

310-460: Perform the actual shuffling

10 REM "PSYCHIC"
20 REM RICHARD W. MCDANIEL
30 REM JANUARY 1:1983
40 DIM R$(9s 3)
50 FOR A=1 TO 9
6@ FOR B=1 TO 3
70 LET R$(A+B)=CHR$ (34+43+B)
80 NEXT B
90 NEXT A
100 LET R#(9,3)="#"
110 FOR I=1 TO 30
120 LET A=INT (RND*¥9)+1
130 LET B=INT (RND*3)+1
140 LET T=R$(A»B)
150 LET R#(A:B)=R$(512)
160 LET R#(552)=TS
170 NEXT I
180 FOR I=1 TO 3
190 PRINT TAB 43"ROW 1"3TAB 135
"ROW 2"3TAB Z223"ROW 3%13
200 FOR A=1 TO 9
210 PRINT TAB ó;

of the letters.
470-480: Clear the screen and loop back
to the next question.
490: Prints the letter you picked.
500-530: Prompt you to try again.

2390 IF Cx<1 OR C>3 THEN GOTO 280
300 IF I=3 THEN GOTO 470

310 FOR A=1 TO 9

320 LET T$=R$(A: 2)

330 LET R$(A+ 2)=R$(As» C)

340 LET R$(AsC)=T$

350 NEXT A

360 LET T$=""

370 FOR A=1 TO 3

380 FOR B=1 TO 9

390 LET Té=T$+R$(B,4)

400 NEXT B

410 NEXT A

420 FOR A=1 TO 9

430 FOR B=1 TO 3

440 LET R$(A,B)=T$(A*3+B-3)

450 NEXT E

460 NEXT A

470 CLS

480 NEXT 1

490 PRINT + "I MYSTICALLY PERCE
IVE YOUR"; "LETTER TO BE "5R$(5:C

Line Notes 220 FOR B=1 TO 3 Tr
20: 230 PRINT R&(A+B) s "HEHEHE" 5 500 PRINT »+"WOULD YOU LIKE TO
100 nao Me program, 240 NEXT B TEST MY MAGIC ABILITIES AGAIN? (Y
_ 40-170: Initialize and scramble the letters 250 PRINT JN)"
in R$. 26Q NEXT A 510 INPUT T$
180-270: Print the layout of the letters 270 PRINT "ENTER THE ROW CONTAI 320 CLS
a NING YOUR LETTER." 530 IF (T$+"#")(1)="Y" THEN GOT
and the prompt for the row containing 280 INPUT C o 184

your letter.

INTRODUCING

A MACHINE CODE MONITOR/EDITOR FOR THE TS1500, TS1000, ZX81

Experienced M/L programmers will appreciate the convenience, short loading time, and extremely
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eWritten entirely in machine code (1.3K) e Loads in just 75 seconds!

e Resides above 30,720 e READ and WRITE modes

e 24 Byte pages of ram e Addresses in hex and decimal

e Instant page flips with auto repeat e Contents in hex, decimal, and CHR$

e Insert code e Cursor control with automatic page flips
e Delete (Kill) code e Copy pages to most printers

e Set “LAST” byte affected by inserts/kills e Complete users manual

e Not affected by “NEW” or “CLEAR”

e All functions accessed with single or shifted keystrokes!

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CIRCLE 44 ON READER SERVICE CARD
20 January/February 1984 ° SYNC

Decimal Alignment
Robert J. Midura

1K RAM

“Decimal Alignment” offers an alter-
native to Nick Godwin’s program for align-
ing money displays (SYNC 3:1). It has
only four Basic lines (five, if used as a
subroutine). It does not use a FOR-NEXT
loop or GOTO branch. Consequently, the
routine runs faster and takes less memory.
It makes use of the string variables X$
and I$ and the numeric variable N. The
stand alone routine occupies 257 bytes.

1900 LET I¢=STR$ INT N
1305 LET X$=STR& (INT ((N-INT ND
¥i90+.5) -100)

1319 PRINT TAB 1S-LEN Ig;
AND XBCU"1 0): iso {VAR
oer X$="1"); (".00" ND (
$="1")J3, ti AND x $ Ç
2 AND (X$(1)="09" OR X$=“
1815 IF LEN X$=3 THEN IF X

THEN PRINT “or
1320 RETURN

t S'ina

The routine works only for positive
values of N. I have never had the occasion
to print negative money amounts. In the
financial programs I have written, I put
debits in a list and store and print them as
positive values. When this list is printed,
a heading is required to indicate that the
figures are debits.

To use the routine, set the variable N
to the number you want printed.

Robert J. Midura, 19 Merrifield St.,
MA 01605.

Worcester,

“You lose!”

January/February 1984 © SYNC

FLEXIBLE
RIBBON
CONNECTOR
for RAM
to
COMPUTER

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51” FLOPPY DISC INTERFACE KEYBOARD—No soldering,
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16K RAM $44.00
32K RAM $78.00
64K RAM $116.00

QS HIGH-RES GRAPHICS CONTROL

256 x 192 pixels. Statements — Move
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QS PROGRAMMABLE CHARACTER GENERATOR
Up to 128 characters, switches between stan-
CENTRONICS CABLE dard characters and yours. 8x8 square CHRS
$19.95 program included..........................$58.00

All payments must be in U.S. dollars. Add $3.00 for shipping unless noted above. VISA &
Mastercard Add 3%. WA residents add 8% tax.

INDESCOMP
from
Sinclair Place

P.O. Box 2288
Redmond, WA 98052

QS SOUND GENERATOR

16 Internal records, 3

tone gens., 5 octaves,
amp. output, vol. pot.

CENTRONICS INTERFACE
Requires Cable $66.00

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Solid State “DISK DRIVE”

* Make your own modules. T/S 1000 and 1500

* Store basic programs on proms.
* Provides access to 8K executable memory.

* 2 simple commands to “read” and “write” any program.

* Operate as a full prom programmer for machine code programs.
* 2 user I/O ports on board for your own external control circuits.

* Full operating system for duplicating, revising or varifying proms.

* PROM BURNER “DISK SYSTEM”. Complete kit consists of PC
board, all components, interface board with cable and connectors,
and construction manual. $99.95

* PROM BURNER PC board and construction manual. $34.95

* PROM BURNER software cassette w/machine code. $14.95

* DESIGNER’S DREAM INTERFACE provides easy connection for

any peripheral device and still allows you to install the 16K RAM

pack on the back of the T/S 1000. Includes card edge connector,
interface PC board, a plated 50 pin strip header, and a 12” 50 wire
ribbon cable with attached socket connectors atbothends. $34.95

Custom molded, securely holds your T/S
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SHIPPING INFO: Include full address for U.P.S. shipment. Send cash, check, money order, or
full credit card info for the cost of the items plus $2.00 ($5.00 foreign) for immediate shipment.
Sorry, no C.O.D.

Dealer and distributor inquiries invited. RAM products made in U.S.A.
Ram 4736 N. Milwaukee Ave. - Chicago, IL 60630 U.S.A.

CIRCLE 41 ON READER SERVICE CARD 21

HIECNE:M SLP Alan Groupe

Shirt-pocket Shaman

A common complaint I have about
most computer documentation is that,
while the manuals often say too little,
the “pocket reference cards” usually say
too much. A pocket reference card
should not actually teach anything new,
but rather just jog your memory of
things you have already read in the man-
ual. These cards should contain mostly
tables, and rarely, if at all, complete
sentences.

A case in point for the need of such a
card is the Sinclair ZX81 manual. One
of things I often look for is the table of
error codes, but I have to flip 22 pages
from the back of the book to find it. It is
not close at hand.

Consequently, I was very happy to
learn that Nanos Systems had added the
ZX80/ZX81 to the list of machines for
which they produce pocket reference
cards.

Nanos Systems Corporation is Shirley
A. and Paul P. Nanos of Speedway, In-
diana, and has produced much needed
reference cards for machines such as the
Apple II and TRS-80. When I found
that they had done one for the Sinclair, I
decided that I had to get one.

The card size (33⁄” 81⁄” folded;
372” x 8'/." unfolded) is a bit more un-
wieldy than the much smaller “pdp11
Programming Card” that I am used to,
but it is still easy enough to work with.
Normally, you would only have a couple
of panels open at a time.

The card has 20 panels. The 10 panels
on one side are chock-full of all sorts of
good information about programming
the ZX80/ZX81/TS1000 in Basic. The
10 panels on the reverse side are all con-
cerned with programming in Z80 ma-
chine language. (I assume that these
panels are the same ones found in other
Nanos Systems cards for Z80 based
machines.)

Panel 1 is taken up entirely by the 22

A pocket reference card should jog your
memory, not teach something new.

graphic symbols in the Sinclair character
set. It does not seem to me that so much
space needs to be devoted to this since
the graphic characters are adequately
presented in the code chart on panels 5
and 6.

Panels 2 and 3 list the Basic state-
ments, commands, and functions in a
very concise and readable format. One
section shows the derivation of addi-
tional trigonometric functions using the
built-in functions of Sinclair 8K Basic.
This is a very nice addition to the card,
although in all my years I have never
really had to know how to calculate an
inverse hyperbolic cosecant.

The top section of the next panel lists
the special characters and operators in
Sinclair Basic. The bottom section, en-
titled “screen layout,” puzzled me at
first. It turns out to be a chart of the
memory displacement and PLOT com-
mand Y-coordinates for the 24 PRINT
lines on the screen. This chart is correct
however, only, if you have the 16K (or
more) RAM pack since otherwise the
screen is stored compressed.

Panels 5 and 6 show the full character
set, in decimal, hexadecimal, and the
ZX80 and ZX81 graphics. This is a very
handy chart despite the layout (see
below).

Panel 7 contains “ZX81—selected
ROM calls,” though I do not know how
the 8 routines listed came to be the cho-
sen ones. Panel 8 contains tutorials on
using FOR/NEXT and IF/THEN. As I
mentioned in the beginning, I do not be-
lieve that tutorials belong on a reference
card, but rather in a manual, where they
can be more fully detailed. Needless to
say, while it certainly did not hurt to
have them, I do not feel the usefulness of

the card would have been diminished if
these two panels had been omitted.

The last two panels describe the ZX80
and the ZX81 memory layout and the
Basic error codes. Located at the back,
these are very easy to get at.

As good as the front side is, the flip
side is not. While the front is very help-
ful in tracking down Sinclair specifics, I
cannot recommend the back side as be-
ing particularly helpful in writing ma-
chine language programs. The back side
is basically divided into two large sec-
tions. The first lists all of the Z80
instruction combinations and the length
of time to execute each. This is useful if
you are trying to optimize code or are
building a delay loop.

The other section lists all of the
instruction combinations in numerical
order (by opcode) along with hexadeci-
mal and decimal counterparts. This is
useful if you wish to disassemble some of
the monitor.

What is missing, however, is some
convenient manner of hand assembling
from symbolic instructions to a numeric
counterpart. A similar list of all instruc-
tion combinations in alphabetical order
was sorely lacking and would have been
very useful.

The layout of the card could have
used a bit more thought. For example,
the character code chart, which takes up
panels 5 and 6, is not placed on facing
panels. As a result, you have to open up
four panels to use the code chart. This
does not matter if you have a large
enough table available, but I usually
keep the card on my lap.

Still, the Nanos Systems reference
card is clear, concise, and, for its short-
comings, is the best handy reference for

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

the ZX80/ZX81 I have seen. If you
really like experimenting with your Sin-
clair, I cannot think of a better way to
spend $5.95 It is well worth the price.

From the Panty

One of the things I bought for my new
job is a small television set. I figure that
if I am going to stay late at work, at least
I can watch the network news, and,
when it was still on, “Mash.” The nicest
5" set that I found was a Panasonic
model TR-5091P, which includes an
AM/FM radio. This unit cost $124 dol-
lars. It also comes without the radio (for
less money I presume).

The reason I am telling you this is not
to elicit contributions to pay off my set,
but rather to let you in on one of the nic-

est features of this set.

All portable television sets have a
connection for an external antenna.
Generally, this connection is a pair of
screws for attaching a 300 ohm twin-
lead antenna. On this set, however, the
connection is a mini-phone jack and it is
a 75 ohm input. In other words, this set
was designed to be used with portable
video recorders, video games, and home
computers!

After discovering this, I quickly ran
out to the local Radio Shack to purchase
the appropriate adapter and try this fea-
ture out. Radio Shack sells two adapters
for this purpose. Number 274-330 is a
shielded adapter that costs $1.39 and
adapts the Sinclair video cable to the
television. Number 42-2444 is a 72”

shielded cable that replaces the Sinclair
video cable and costs $1.99. Since I am
not big on stringing adapters on things, I
opted for the cable.

After connecting up the set and fid-
dling with the brightness and contrast
controls a bit (the set is initially adjusted
for a TV picture) I got the sharpest and
most stable image I have seen from a
Sinclair. I also tried it with my ZX80
and found that it, too, produced its best
image on that set.

If you are going to use your Sinclair a
lot, it makes sense to use a good monitor
with it. Not only is this a good monitor,
but it is a pretty nice television set, too.
The only problem is that now I am stuck
buying another one to take to the office.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

A FAST DATA ACQUISITION, SIGNAL PROCESSING and CONTROL SYSTEM

For TS1000/1500 and TS2040 printer

ANALOG INTERFACE BOARD and : ¡Sine
FFT-SCOPE program s< t

This unique peripheral with the Timex computer and printer
offers capabilities previously found only on much higher
priced equipment.

ANALOG INTERFACE BOARD a, Sq dk QAN L. al
8 channels analog to digital conversion and 8 channels digital SSS E Pa RS ees a
to analog conversion. High speed flash type converters allow te ee TI Se

use of the Z80 block move commands for conversion rates up igs 8
to 155,000 per second on a Timex. A single PEEK or LD
command can pick the channel, start the conversion & get the
data, so programming is extremely simple and efficient.
Flexible address decoder andconnector scheme allows quick
interfacing to any memory or I/O address of most CPUs (works
on Apple, C64, TRS80 etc.).

FFT-SCOPE program has high res printer graphics, dual
trace scope, trigger, cursor, key entry of sample rate and other
parameters. Data is acquired in batches of 256. FFT in Z80
code performs 256 pt mag & phase spectrum analysis in one
second! Adding command brings out fine harmonics. Displays
up to 75KHz.

Factory Direct Low Prices: = Si
Fully equipped ANALOG INTERFACE BOARD with FFT-SCOPE on EPROM card & 77 page docs..... $275.

ANALOG INTERFACE BOARD........................... . $220. ANALOG INTERFACE BOARD with A/D only .............. $170.
Aluminum box and ribbon cable mounting option for above items, add $33. SCOPE program On tape Mo FFT ome te da $35.
EPROM Board w/FFT-SCOPE program............................. $65. Data acq 4 high res printer development routines.................... $35.

(can fit in aluminum box if specified).

Note, UHF modulator may be necessary for clear TV.

When ordering please state mounting option (ribbon cable or piggyback) and your computer type.

UHF MODULATOR $15. CLEAR TV!
Remove TV interference by switching to ch 33. Replaces unit
inside TS1000. Sticks on TS1500 as in photo above. Requires
soldering. Complete instructions included.

CONNECTORS Cure Crash problems

Gold plated 8” ribbon cable assembly with one
female 4 one male connector..........

with one female 4 two male connectors. ..
Full line of connector parts available.

Channel 33 is received at a

higher frequency than those |
genérated by the computer YY os
which causes the interfer-
ence.

TERMS: Please add $3 to

order for S&H. California
residents please add 612% tax.
To order send check or M.O. or
call for C.O.D.

FREE CATALOG
Please call or write.

BUFFERED BUSS-
DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Kit $65. Bare Board $35.
For TS1000 or TS1500. Experimenter's delight.

Applications book... $10.
See March or July '83 SYNC.

301 Sixteenth Avenue
| San Francisco, CA 94118

(415) 752-6294

The term “Spreadsheet” applies to
any technique where the user can view
portions of a large sheet of records that
normally cannot fit onto the screen.
Quite often, inventory files require much
longer columns than the display can pro-
duce and, rather than limit the need, we
will simply move our screen like a mag-
nifying glass across 100 columns of
information. Likewise, we can scroll up-
wards or downwards until any 10 of 60
rows is displayed. |

The machine language routine we will
create is, above all, fast! With a mini-
mum of keystrokes, the user can find
any record in the file within seconds.
Here, our records are to be stored into
A$ only, and our headings for the col-
umns in T$. This header allows us to
distinguish each column of data in A$ at
all times. Though the title string remains
on the screen, it does move left or right
with the records below. A$ is DIMen-
sioned to 60,100 and occupies 6K of
memory. We can make our file larger,
but this is tricky and an explanation will
be given later in this discussion. T$ is a
single string, DIMensioned to 100 and
its contents are defined by the user for
his own program.

Arrow keys 5 to 8 move the screen
records about the sheet to reveal
information in the entire file. It would be
nice to have 20 records printed onto the
display, but, as you will see, the moving
records can be distracting. So we will
stick with 10 (you can easily alter this
later). Since we have 4 directions of
travel, we need to highlight the first
printed record by inverting its video
characters so that it is more distin-
guished than the others.

As the machine code loop is always
busy finding and printing records to the
screen, the only way to return to Basic is
by pressing M for a return to the menu

Gordon Young, 4616 N. River Rd. #27, Oceanside, CA
92056

RA oS ET E $ S. kU NR O s s ee Ole (Sue eS Ww. ma 8

SP eee ee w s p: LS ee SS OE SS Wo A A A ku AS Bile SINS Sr Sh a ee

2S GR PSS A A ISS SS ENT RNS ae ot ee wee Sore

Zit, ch) SVS A E an Stee OS TO E 0 UT TN LS SS ae Se S) es oes Bie:

ss 2 = = S F F FS PF F F F F FS F FSF F FF FF F FF F F FFE

Sees Ss ee A U SS Se OS E E EI oe ee) Shee a) ee A

= R. Gl S&S & FS FS F Some FS SF SR s s a z s.s

or C for a correction during the display

period.

Less than 400 bytes are used to do all
the work of producing a spreadsheet,
and only simple requirements are

mandatory:
A$=All File A$=DIMensioned
Records (60, 100)
T$= Title String T$=DIMensioned
(heading) (100)

The user can alter portions of the
program to:
1. Print up to 15 records (controlled
by addresses 16731 and 16657)
2. Slow down/Speed Up movement of
screen (delay address= 16640)
3. Alter file size (described later).
4. Change routine escape keys from
“M” or “C” to user's choice.
5. Highlight any particular record in
the display other than the first.
Begin by putting the computer in the
FAST mode (the reason for this will be-
come obvious). Enter line 1 REM (fol-
lowed by 395 periods). As the computer
runs your program and comes upon the
word REM, all contents afterwards are
not operated upon until it approaches
the next line number. This is where our
machine code is stored. Later, when we
want to call upon the routine, we will
force the machine to operate on it di-
rectly. After line 1 is entered, it should
look like Figure 1 (each segment of 32
characters has been intentionally num-
bered for count reference here). SAVE
what you have so far on tape, and return
the computer to SLOW.

Figure 2. MC loader.

y ps we

IU
LULU

ANA
TN)

At this point, you are ready to POKE

the machine code listing data into the
REM line by typing in the Basic assem-
bler in Figure 2. Again, SAVE to tape.
You may want to use an assembler of
this type for any machine language pro-
gram that begins at address 16514 (the
first byte of data following a REM state-
ment in line 1). If you fear that you may
accidentally erase line 1, enter: POKE
16510,0.

This assembler will accept your ma-
chine language codes and automatically
insert them into the REM line. With it,
you can make corrections to wrong en-
tries (enter 333), SAVE your data at any
time during entry (enter 555) or stop the
assembly process totally (enter 999). All
codes in Figure 3 must be read from left
to right, top to bottom. RUN the assem-
bler and begin entering the listing codes.
Occasionally SAVE your work by enter-
ing 555 (this is a number that cannot be
POKED into any address). The screen
display will correspond to the listing and
aid in data reference. It prints 6 entries
across the SCROLLs. Enter 999 to stop
the assembler when finished.

If you have doubts about the 300+
codes you just entered, a simple
checksum routine will verify your data.
Eliminate the assembler and type in the
checksum:

9995 LET M=0

January/February 1984 © SYNC

Now you can start getting more

fun, more challenge and
more practical value from
your computer with the
clearest, most comprehensive
book ever written for the TS

1000, compatible for use with

Sinclair ZX-81.

In 50 Programs for the
Timex Sinclair 1000, Leland
B. Carter outlines exciting
new ways to use your un-
expanded Timex for games,
graphics, math, physics, bus-
iness, puzzles and more.

You'll find hours of sheer
enjoyment. You'll instantly
expand your software library.
What's more, you'll perma-
nently enhance your com-
puter programming skills.

Step-by-step instruc-
tions in Sinclair Basic
let you immediately type in
and run programs like:
e Booby Trap
e 2-D Reversal
e Target Gallery
e Flight Graphic
e Stopwatch
e Calendar
e Calculator
e Blast-Um
e ESP
e What's the Pattern

And many, many more!

easy new
games,
graphics
an

business
programs
or your
Timex
Sinclair

Each program has been
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tested for ease of entry.

And you'll find the user-
friendly statements extremely
helpful in guiding your
progress, and in suggesting
further input.

Plus you'll enjoy better-qual-
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display than you've ever
achieved on your TS 1000.
50 Programs for the Timex
Sinclair 1000 is truly the best
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| Morris Plains, NJ 07950

copies of 50 Programs

olar Aio SS ee T
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Ses o ed e AD

“Outside U.S., add $3 for shipping and handling. i

I [ ] Check here to receive a FREE catalog of |
. computing books, magazines and guides. i

Also available in your local bookstore |
or computer store.

Figure 3. MC listing.

ar S: & i3 i: i3
Tis 7 s = 5 RE AS s
L = ane o ERK ROSE —x uie SiS) faves
eae ei Zé 8 = = Sac
iz nS. == = Sak ==
< = Se — += k z = = = "7 sa
eee S = Pex — — Z= — “= s < y
= — Se s: ¿t pe = yt Qk tee £ 3
54 =o isa 84 == tse
a 4 IG = DA =
žá 7 Zi LTE = = == saqsa
T s ee = fs e ee # Z š

Pane are ee s eS ke T 2 a ik Pas
THT Ties == es = — pay

Li ea + q q i TRE AA nT E
== — = < = = >= ir — = = — =
i D i344 84 aoe) Se
Pat a Ege ass r uja reas Mt 8 pa pak ody

= vs AA PEE A e — ke ay a
== + == 4-5 = š ¿nz
= — — = <=. Z = — : = =

— “ae aoa? Z= 3: Z= == a -ia Z —
= : == PAS T Gomes
is ai === i3 ae SEH
= = t T = = | = * == + =
A C NK m Ps tt Be LPi TaY Ai i, E a J
—_—— as “ass i = -—: — — =: = =:
rE a 2: SE => SS MS, L x
£ =>. = =: = x: +. L gs

9996 FORN=16514 TO 16870

9997 LET M=M+TPEEK N

9998 NEXT N

9999 PRINT M

Enter: RUN 9995. You should get a
sum (the sum of all entries in the ma-
chine code program) of 29192. If not,
you need to PEEK all addresses from
16514 to 16870 and check your data.

Our example program, a real estate
listing, will need 100 columns with a
heading (T$) for: TYPE/PRICE/Ist
MORTGAGE/RATE/LOAN (type)/
ADDRESS/CITY/AGENCY, and
PHONE number of agent. Figure 4
shows the initialization beginning at
line 10 with the header string at line 30.
T$ must be DIMensioned before A$. If
not, it will incorporate an unnecessary
delay in the file display movement.

Enter and RUN the Basic sample
program. Insert a few fictitious records
to fill the record file and return to the
- MENU. Now VIEW the file by press-
ing “2” in the MENU. The screen will
almost instantly display 10 file records.
Pressing the arrow keys will move the
spreadsheet in the corresponding direc-
tions. Press M to return to the MENU.

Figure 4. Basic listing.

a FOR Ta
@ FAST
A LET Asin =* EN ES

Sn 2
.|
Y
44
T
nal
E
n]
lI
AY)
|
Ti
tH

A =

¿E 8

Sc Rites TY

me NGA

Si Sb ret

O d s

282 Lis

34 4 — mm, i e = FA, = zu V e o a
118 PRINT AT 5,11; E SE EA
250, ABNTER “CHOICE. (3 E AO Dd
ENTER A RECORD: “¡AT 12,5; "2 I
Ei: SPREADSHEET

128 IF INKEY$="1" THEN GOTO 208
139 IF INKEYS="2" THEN GOTO 159
+ 5 y, | a cach nek + Era

SA us aoe

ior mi ==

alot Lis

159 PRINT REGL ESTATE SPRER
DSHEET pe ge Sees

TAB 5

:: m, m, m — —

“a. pes
a =
= Ti z"
H edel des
ESE
EA
jr . ..
esei a
sages. x
:
T BT
_ H.
a
> pe,
$
E
mi ne

á — g a =

33 r w 5 <

3 F: 32.37 % ; = Ts % =e toe:

b. 7 rL A A, at —: = =

"4 = A Y E SV W; 3 Tar

A ES P ta T TL SAG

= r > yu 1 Som

= < = v tí A.

— + oF tis TAS x ah ler aah — sa ; | = 3 ek t Y = Z g; Tritt r T: p-s >;
Se ee E El. DENICE Hoi ¿PP URMH
TORE

See PRINT .,°2 TYPE? LETTER
SI

230 INPUT AiR, I TŠ 4

S48 PRINT UE, PRICES

mE ETA Trim PT sd

Sate a SKS03 =.

SEG LET ASiA,LS-LEN DIR A Lao che
2) =3TR$ >

ZZ PRINT < FIRST HORTGASE PE
So et ae mg te
de ‘w ee

238 INPUT

TR TYT =a IN q e P =+ la a ma Tr TEA
Pm jon Ñ > SY RS. a Ass | HEIR Zi -i Et — = = A SE Spay =
A geneen, s
MixscarTRS i)

300 PRINT “4. 157 MTG. LOAN RAT
cia INPUT

228 LET AS Ži- LE ZTR A ‘2 ies
BissTRS x

— — ar my y Te. = a L A =: —9 — = = š

Jute: PA = LIPE E ees Et i Tee
PHA-CONL. 3S

B48 INPUT AiR, SE TO S=:

om Shas K ¿T> ; momoe mnn 3 A Z. a
GSB PRINT E. PROPERTY ADDRESS
SEG INPUT ARIA, SP TO 57

370 PRINT °F AN

BEG INPUT ASIA.SS TO 22:

= v, Tee me i 23 = m, — EA Ra E n at poq r
238 PRINT = ASEHtcY OFFERING F
PPDPEE T yt"

o PASOS AEE? T RENE

488 IHPUT ASiA.SS TO 32:

BSR ran oat iy sag’ ite A Se OSE ei ML ere
dla PRINT US. AGENCIES PHONE MU
HABER

428 INPUT ARIA. SS TO LBS:

4368 LET A=A+1

448 GOTO i182

To make corrections during the dis-
play period. “C” from the spreadsheet
activity. This gives you the option of
stopping the routine where it stands and
making a correction. A correction at a
column to the far right on the sheet re-
quires you to reenter the routine without
readjusting the display to position (col-
umn) #1. The reentry point is address

16607. Your program might go some-
thing like this (sample program):
180 IF PEEK 16521=50
THEN GOTO 100

182 IF PEEK 16521=40
THEN GOTO 186

184 GOTO 100

186 PRINT -AT 48, 45.7 ENTER

CORRECTED ADDRESS’ ’

188 INPUT A$ (PEEK 16518+1,37
TO 67)

190 RAND USR 16607

192 GOTO 180
Adding 1 to the contents of address
16518 will give the number of the first
record in the display. Address 16521
holds the character code of the key M
(50) or C (40). The machine code is ac-
tivated again in line 190.

If the spreadsheet moves too fast, you
can increase the delay. 16640 presently
has 12, but 24 will double the delay and
can be POKEd until the movement is
comfortable. Likewise, smaller numbers
will increase the speed. If you need to
use letters other than M or C to escape
the routine, addresses 16860 and 16865
should be POKEd with the code of the
appropriate characters (refer to the back
of the user manual).

To change the number of records dis-
played is a little more involved. Address
16731 should be POKEd with the num-
ber of records you want printed (1 to
17). This means you have to POKE
16657 with the number of records in the
file minus the number printed on the
screen. To print 17 records then you
need to POKE 16731,17 and POKE
16657, (60-17). This will disturb the
highlighted record, and address 16814
should be POKEd with the number of
records being printed (POKE 16814,17
for this example). This is also the ad-
dress that affects the highlighted record.
Normally, this would be 10 if 10 are be-
ing displayed. To move the highlighted
record to the second one being displayed
would require you to POKE 16814,9.

Now, if you need to store more
information with larger files, some big
changes must be made! Some alternative
solutions along with the address changes
are found in Figure 5.

Figure 5.

A$ DIMensioned:

T$ DIMensioned:
POKE address 16552:
POKE address 16576:
POKE address 16657:
POKE address 16713:
POKE address 16749:
POKE address 16837:
File Size:

Approx. Memory Avail:

(50,115)
(115)
123

115

40
83

118

5.75K
10.25K

(80,100)
(100)
69

100

103

(100,100)
(100)

- January/February 1984 © SYNC

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CIRCLE 22 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Tax Shelter Time Bomb

David Lipman

Practically all tax shelters have a
built-in time bomb. Most of those that
do not are real tax shelters with a real
loss of capital.

Let me describe a seemingly perfect
tax shelter. I own a swampy piece of
land that was under water for at least
two months each year. I valued the land
at $1,000 and would have sold it for less.

John, a friendly site locator for a ma-
jor gasoline company, suggested that I
build a gasoline station to their specifica-
tions and lease it to them. The offer was
rather generous: they would pay $100
per month as land rental; arrange zoning
changes, get all permits, contract to fill
the swamp, supervise building construc-
tion and arrange for a mortgage. The
mortgage would be large enough to pay
for everything including a $20,000 “fee”
for legal service and construction super-
vision. The total rental was set at exactly
the monthly mortgage payment plus the
land rent plus a variable amount equal
to the real estate taxes. The gasoline
company was to be responsible for all
maintenance and insurance, including
my liability insurance.

It was a perfect situation. I received
an annual return equal to 120% of my
asking price for the land, the gasoline
company real estate department showed
an income of $20,000; and I had a tax
deduction of about $2,500 for the first
year. Thirty years in the future 1 would
own a gasoline station with a potential
monthly rental in excess of the land
value.

Wonderful! In thirty years I would
have a fully funded generous retirement
plan plus all those nice tax deductions
along the way. Remember all this took
place in 1953 when $1,000 per month
was a pretty decent income and there
were no IRA or KEOUGH plans avail-
able at the neighborhood bank.

David Lipman, 9 West Castle Ave., Spring Valley, NY
10977

| secur IN THE

But wait a minute, what happens
when the monthly principal payment on
the mortgage exceeds the depreciation?
At that point a taxable income is gen-
erated with no funds available to pay the
tax. When does this happen? I wrote

INPUT |

| INPL UT ANNUAL

INTEREST ER!
OF ATS:

INPUT ANNUAL STRAIGHT i
CIATION: $2880

<A SMALL
HTH OF 2883.
o Te BEFORE TE it

ee eee

down the method of calculating a mort-
gage amortization (algorithm, fore-run-
ner to a program): P-(R-iP)=P’. What I
was looking for was the month in which
(R-iP)=Dep, so I labelled the columns
on my accountants pad P, AP. My LAX
Monroe Calculator (mechanical) was
called into service, and I sat in front of it
for a half hour totally mesmerized while
the discs whirled and clattered. I wrote
the numbers in the P and AP columns.
As I dozed off, I realized that what I
was struggling to find was really AP: the
first differential of the compound in-
terest equation:

i(1+i) ©

I put away the Monroe LAX, picked
up my K & E Slide Rule, set the first
differential equal to depreciation and 30
seconds later had the answer: 17 years,
11 months from inception of the mort-
gage, a small taxable income would be
generated. The amount of taxable in-
come would increase until the last year

_INCOME oiL |
DF Dee AG 2 |

of the mortgage when it would be about
$5,100.00.

Armed with this knowledge I was able
to plan properly so I was not hurt by the
mathematics and income tax.

The problem can be solved for n by a
brute force trial and error mortgage ta-
ble comparison process which is long
and unwieldy (90 seconds). It can be
shortened by using this program which
will run in a little over one second.

The formulas used on the Sinclair
ZX81 are:

[10/(1-0.6B?)] + 8B
N = 2

Where B =

D = Monthly —
R = Monthly Payment

i = Monthly Interest, Decimal
N = Number of Months

To bring the story up to date, last
week my friendly site locator telephoned
from Florida where he lives in semi-
retirement. “David,” he said excitedly,
“Do I have a tax shelter for you! There’s
this shopping center and apartment
house available...”

Line Notes:

20-30: Input instruction, starting date
of mortgage,

40-60: Error trap for incorrect month
and year.

70-230: Input instructions, prints.

240-280: Calculation of monthly
mortgage payment.

290-340: Calculation of first taxable
income, months before end of mortgage.

350-380: Calculation of taxable in-
come, last year of mortgage.

January/February 1984 © SYNC

BYTE-BACK modules

64-K MEMOR Y
With Battery Backup $1 09.22 EA

$119.95 ASSEMBLED & TESTED

SMART M O D E M the be El qapas

FEATURES:
In Stock! $1 1 9 95 e Battery Backup - Computer and full 64- K Backed

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $149.95 ` Tasa aie s oe
With New SMART , Menu Driven SOFTWARE SAP atte A alt ee Sab ha: tla
ence ° BYTE-BACK EXCLUSIVE FULL 64-K

a: nd and receive Proqrams bv Phone The 0-8K area is available. You can execute a copy routine (provided) to
sy d I : ti : bs y f POREH copy the TIMEX ROM into the 0-8K area of RAM then flip a switch and you
opy information into memory trom a ros have your operating system in RAM. You can modify it and create your

Computer (such as Compuserve), Print it, own customized operating system. Full details, examples & programs
Review it, Save it on Tape, Send Text from included.
Memory. WHY PAY MORE FOR LESS FEATURES?

GET THE “ULTIMATE MEMORY”
BYTE BACK'S UM-64

NEW ZX PRO/FILE * Sen,

Py) Clearly the Best File Management Program Available. bos
This New Program is what the Timex has been waiting for. Mo

eUse Timex 2040 Printer or Any RS-232 Printer

eRS-232 Printer Port provided.

eNo extra memory Required, But with 64-K
Memory You Can Store Up To 60 Full Screens

COMPUSERVE PACKAGE WITH 5 FREE HOURS ONLY $39.95

BYTE-BACK’S BB-1
CONTROL MODULE

At BYTE-BACK we have used & evaluated almost every data organizer & Data File Program on
the market & we were not really impressed until we tryed Thomas Woods’ NEW ZX PRO/FILE
Program. It is truly the best piece of software we have seen for the Timex Computer. We now use it
to help run our business. This program is so FAST that even when the program is full the file you
want is on the screen within a second.

| The ZX PRO/FILE has features not found on the other Data File programs. It has: FILE
5 nu toc ANALYSIS function which allows you to count, analyze frequency, %, etc. Capability to create
Kt FILES OF ANY SIZE in the same program. MULTIPLE WORD SEARCH, excellent ADD/EDIT
ASSEMBLED & TESTED $69.00 features. ORDERED FILE OUTPUT based on any numerical value contained in the files.

DEFINABLE PRINTER FUNCTIONS & AUTO SEARCH. Works with both 16K & 64K memory.
eg Independent Relays FREE 59 page BOOK. This book alone is worth the purchase price. ZX PRO/FILE’s machine
Š p 4 language concepts & methods are fully explained. It includes a complete PROGRAM LISING &
detailed explanation of how the program works & how it can be easily modified. It also includes a

(wi th E E D S ta tus indica tors) machine language programming section.

e 8 Independent TTL Inputs
WEN Schmitt trigger buffers)

e By using a single POKE command you
can change and latch the status of each of
the 8 relays.

16 K MEMORY UM-16 $59.95kxır $69.95 assembled & tested

Battery backup, reset switch, PROM/ROM socket PLUS...
1 year, 100% trade-in credit towards the UM-64.

39.”

ASSEMBLED 8 TESTED $69.95
e A comprehensive manual is included that Drives the Gorilla/Bannana & Other Serial Printers

| é , H has complete application details.

3: -aa E IE ALL MODULES CARRY 90-DAY WARRANTY

"E o al Oe Morethanone H5- can pe usedata Ime. N TRY BYTE-BACK MODULES FOR 10 DAYS WITH NO OBLIGATION
ere Shipping and Handling $4.95 EXCEPT

Gorilla/Banana Printer

ORDER PHONE (803) 532-5812
Prints on Standard Paper. 80 Columns Discounted to only

ITEMS ORDERED:
Specify Serial or Parrallel. $939 95 Bill My O Am. Exp. O Visa O M/C
See “Leading Edge” Ads °

e Your computer can read the status of all 8
inputs by the use of a single PEEK
command.

Checks Accepted
Exp: Date: Card No:
Name

City/State/Zip
Phone

We use the same key switch found in
the expensive computers such as:
Hewlett Packard, Texas Instruments,
Atari, D.E.C. etc. The multi-colored key caps are the
same type used on the IBM Personal Computer, but with
the TIMEX legens.

Dealer Discounts Available
Mail To: BYTE-BACK CO. (ear

Rt. 3, Box 147, Brodie Road | » A=
Leesville, S.C. 29070

CIRCLE 10 ON READER SERVICE CARD

EXPERIENCE QUALITY

390-470: Conversion of months before
end of mortgage to month, year.

480-550: Print result of calculation.

Use RUN to initiate program. To exit
use STOP. The running time is 2
seconds.

An answer indicating taxable income
before beginning date of mortgage
means that there is no tax shelter.

Error statement A/320 means that no
taxable income occurs during term of
the mortgage.

List of Variables:

Y: Beginning date, (MO. YEAR) of
mortgage

T: Term of mortgage, months

I: Percent interest, annual

P: Principal amount of original
mortgage

D: Depreciation, annual

A: Intermediate variable, partial solu-
tion compound interest mortgage
payment equation.

R: Monthly mortgage payment
C,B,E,F,G: Intermediate partial
solutions

N: Solution number of months to end of
mortgage

Q: Intermediate variable, partial solu-
tions compound interest mortgage
equation, last year

L: Principal payment less annual depre-

ciation for last year of mortgage
H: Years until “N” (partial year shown
as decimal)
M;: Conversion of decimal year (H) to
month
M.: Sum of beginning month and ending
month
Ms: Correction if M2 is greater than 12
(December)

Z,: Beginning year

Zə: Sum of beginning year and years un-
til SNP?

Z: Correction if M2 is greater than 12
(December)

An expanded program that calculates
all of the IRS acceptable depreciation
schedules is available on tape @ $9.95
from the author requires 16K RAM. Py

"18 REM “DSR. PROGRAH TO CALCU
LATE WHEN TAXABLE INCOME OCCURS.
CD. LiPHAN 5:33:33 RS
28 PRINT ° INPUT STARTING Pr:
„OF MORGAGE IFORMAT =M0. YERRI: ;
34 INPUT `
ág iF yeti OF +12 THEN GOTO 24
më LET yysiy- INT sigaza
68 IF Yr<iau2s oF £22388 THEN
— ar T” ur — A
GOTO 28
7@ PRINT Y
35 PRINT
Sa PRIM INPUT TERN OF HTSE
NOGNTHS: +
iu INPUT T
iig PRINT T
128 PRINT A
1348 PRINT INPUT SHHisel INTERE
SY RATE: :";
148 INPUT I
izg PRINT I
168 PRINT
ia PRINT THPUT AMOQUHT OF HTG
° $“ ;
380 INPUT =
338 PRINT F
240 PRINT 7?
218 PRINT U INPUT ANNUAL STRAIG
HT LINE DEPRECIATION: ;
See INPUT D
2348 PRINT D
S48 FAST
254 LET i=1i- 12408
SER LET D=briz

278 LET A=zti+liz=T

238 LET R=Peivii-iies

238 LET OR-

23028 LET E=-lr-ii+19+11

Sie LET B=(C+4E-Li-s 123E+1

328 LET F=iln / (1-8.645442:14+513+5
3539 LET G=I-iit¢eszere

B4@ LET N=F rs

352 LET O=1/(1+114#4ie

358 LET L=Reti-Gi Q I

370 LET L=INT (1184801182

338 LET i=i-briz

398 LET H=iT-His1d2

40 LET Z=1iY-INT yi 4180028

418 LET Z=2+1NT H

428 LET M=tH-IHT Hi; xs ZË

4330 LET M=H+INT ¥4i

440 IF M>=13 THEN GOTO 4688

452 GŪTI 4588

is LET Z=Z+1

4728 LET H=M-ic

422 PRINT

498 SLOu

su PRINT “A SHALL TRERBLE 1
NCOOME HILL OOOUR `

SiG FRINT “IN THE THT FH
ONE OR Ae

Sea PRINT INT Hi: MONTHS BEFORE
EHD OF MORTSASE.'

S38 PRINT “TAXABLE IHCOME HILL
THCRERSE*

S408 PRINT “UNTIL IT REACHES 5
u taa A AA E ai a

559 PRINT " LAST YEAR OF THE MU
RTGASE"

We offer QUALITY and AFFORDABLE software

Ours is not the “4 for $5.00” type software, but professional software

for the serious computer user.

NEW from GARY SZEKERES > Word Worker +
You have bought a new keyboard?, a printer? Why not put them te good use with our new Word Processor. Now you can print
any kind of document you want, and can even save them on tape for future reference or updating. Machine Code makes this
program FAST and with powerful edit capabilities, it brings your Sinclair into the big league! Designed to work with any printer
the Sinclair can control and for memory packs from 16K to 64. Introductory price is now just $18.00

We carry a very verstile Data Base called SYNC FILES. It is verstile because YOU completely customize it to your own needs,
limited only by your own imagination, i.e., club records, mailing list, inventory, etc. You can change, or delete records. Search, sort

or print on any field you want and more.

To help manage your money, we have PERSONAL FINANCE I. Three programs on one tape. STOCKS is a powerful portfolio

Data Base. It allows you to store information on stocks, add, or change. Obtain the value of each stock, the whole portfolio, all of
any type of stock, and more. IA determines various income potentials from compound interest and annuities investments. LOANS
will amortize a loan, calculate the regular payment, last payment, term, actual rate, and more.

We carry many more BUSINESS programs, GAMES, UTILITIES, and we support the 2K user also. WRITE NOW FOR OUR

FREE CATALOG B.C. residents add 7% tax. Please use a cert. check or money order

Word Worker... .$18.00 : `:

Syne: Files... . $200.35 E

Personal Finance..... $14.00 :

ZOSIA Sophia Systems (604) 581-4619

15122 Pheasant Drive, Surrey, B.C. V3R 4X6

West 29 Grey Court, Spokane, WA 99205

CIRCLE 56 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Home Control on a Budget
Bruce C. Taylor

You can operate virtually any elec- Figure 1. board back into the top half of the case.
trical device in your house with your BSR X-10 Control IC Switch Pinout, There will just be enough room for the
ZX81 or TS1000 computer, an inexpen- Switch Control IC Pins wires between the case side and the

1 17 board edge (Photo 2) if all wires are
17 28 lined up and none overlap each other.

1 20
20 28 Figure 2. BSR X-10 Switch Control IC,

1 18
18 28

1 19
19 28

1 16
16 28

sive wireless home controller, and an
adaptation of the circuits used in my
“Robotics on a Budget” article (SYNC
3:4).

The control system adapted for use
in this project is the BSR X-10, avail-
able through several sources including
Heath and Sears. The control modules
which are connected to lamps, appli-

9
10
11
12

transmitted over the house power wir- “A 1 21

15
16
ON
OFF

ances, or wall switches, receive a signal 27 28 3
; : : 21 28 7
ing and thus require no direct hookup 1 26 6
to the computer. The controller is avail- 26 28 5
able for around $35 and the modules for 20 25 s
25 27

about $17. BRIGHT 19 25 ;

MEN DIM 25 26
Modifying the BSR X-10 ALL LIGHTS ON 18 25 BT

To modify the BSR X-10 for this ALL OFF 21 25 (foil side)

project first remove the "Serew: from the a oe ee ae IC 16 PIN DIP

deep hole in the center of the bottom of CONNECTION to JUMPER SOCKET

the X-10 case. The two halves of the case l !
will then pull apart. Now remove the la 3
circuit board from the top half, with the 18 4
28 pin IC on it, by first removing the five 19 5
screws. 20 6

Be careful to keep the keyboard up- SS °
side down (IC upright) because, when 26 9
you remove the circuit board, there will 21 5

be nothing to keep the keypad buttons
from falling out.

After the screws are removed, care-
fully pry the circuit board out and turn
it over to expose the foil circuit side of
the board (Photo 1). The total IC pinout
to the keypad switches is listed in Figure
1. Prepare eleven hookup wires each
about 6” long. Solder one end of each to
an IC pin circuit foil (see Figure 2 and
Photo 1). After the wires are soldered,
push them flat against the board and
bend them over the edge of the board as
shown in the photo. Then push the

Bruce C. Taylor, 9765 E. Sierra, Tucson, AZ
85748. Photo 1. Photo 2.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC 31

The RX81 board drives a Darlington transistor array,
activating 5V 14 pin DIP relays which

switch the BXR Z-10.

Be careful that you do not dump out
the keypad switch buttons. Keep the top
half of the case upside down until the
board is all the way back into the case
top. When you see that it fits (you have
formed the wires against the edge of the
board), remove the circuit board again.

Next, cut a small rectangular hole in
the side of the case or drill some holes so
that a 16 pin DIP socket can be attached
later to the outside of the case with the
hookup wires from the IC soldered to it.
The jumper pinout is listed in Figure 3.
Now pull the wires through the hole in
the case as you replace the circuit board
into the top half of the case for the final
time (Photo 2).

Next, cut the hookup wires about an
inch long outside the hole in the case
and solder them to the DIP socket
(Photo 3 and Figure 3). Then glue or
otherwise fasten the DIP socket to the

Photo 3.

Figure 3.

Summary of
Switch Connections to 16 Pin Jumper.

SWITCH JUMPER PINOUT RELAY #
l 1 3 1
2 3 11 8
3 1 6 9
4 6 11 10
5 1 4 11
6 4 11 12
T 1 5 13
8 5 11 14
ON 6 8 2
OFF 8 10 3
BRIGHT 5 8 4
DIM 8 9 5
ALL LIGHTS ON 4 8 6
ALL OFF 7 8 7

Pinout for remaining switches not used in this

project.

9 1 2
10 2 11
11 1 10
12 10 11
13 1 7
14 7 11
15 1 9
16 9 11

outside of the case.

You have now completed the modifi-
cation to the BSR X-10. After the rest of
the project is finished, you will be able to
plug a DIP jumper cable into the socket
on the X-10 (Photo 4).

The Boards

For the interface between the BSR X-
10 and the computer I used the Zodex
RX81 input/output boards in combina-
tion with the Computer Continuum
Buffered Bus Development Board. The
RX81 outputs (DO-6) will be connected
to transistor switch and rely circuits.
Other output control circuits for the
ZX/TS computers could also be easily
adapted to this design, e.g., Byte-Back’s
BB-1 control module with built-in
relays.

The Zodex RX81 board (also avail-
able assembled as a “Control Board for
8 devices”) can be plugged directly into
the ZX/TS bus. If you want to add more

Photo 4.

|
E
a

*
T
oo
` < ES N
es s.

Photo Sa.

boards, a simple Y connector will do the
trick.

The Computer Continuum expansion
board was chosen because its 3 amp
capacity for 5V supply allows for addi-
tional circuits. However, you must
know which of the two versions of the
board you have, neither of which can be
used for this project without some
modification.

The earlier version of the board will
accept the Zodex board plugged directly
into an expansion edge connector (50
pin, .1 inch centers) soldered to the CC
board, but the logic will not work with-
out an additional simple decoder circuit

Figure 4. Dip Relay

1 14
13

315

To BSR X-10**

* For relay #1 this would be wired to pin 16 of
trans array #1.
** For relay #1 these would be wired to pins 1 and
3 of jumper socket.

+5v Input*

Darlington Transistor Array

1
2
Inputs ; E Outputs
(base) 5 12 (collector)
6
7
51] 8 +5v

>
<.

SRR ROSE wass
* w x ARA

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

WANT TO BUILD YOUR TIMEX/SINCLAIR INTO A REAL COMPUTER?

STATEMENT: The BASICARE MICROSYSTEM is a group of modules which allow you to begin with

the least expensive computer available (TS1000) and build a powerful, flexible SYSTEM with exactly
the capabilities you need. THIS IS NOT A SIMPLE MEMORY ADDON! By using the PERSONA module
(see below) you provide an interface which permits use of additional memory (to 1 Megabyte or more),
ROM capsules, printers, a variety of input/output configurations, defineable character capability, A/D
or D/A and 16 bit processor (8088). In addition, it will soon be possible to add modules for RS232,
floppy disk or high speed tape. Each module measures 7.3"x3.4"x.8”. The modules stack on one another.
Sinclair Users Network calls it ““The ultimate in hardware expansion systems”.
A HEAVY DUTY POWER SUPPLY SHOULD BE USED WITH 3 OR MORE MODULES

PERSONA — Connects to the rear
of the computer with a flexible cable
and acts as the interface for the other
modules. This module, and the
others which stack on it, is excep-
tionally attractive. Neither drawings
or photos do the system justice. It
buffers all the computer”s signals via
the ribbon cable. It then talks to the
other modules through a 64 pin
ORGANIC BUS. Other modules
respond when PERSONA sends
their individual SLOT signals along
the bus.

020-000 H.......................... $59.95

‘MINIMAP — A mapping device
which can expand address space to
as much as 1 megabyte. When used
with RAM 64 (from 1 to 16 RAM
64s) space is organized into vertical
64K pages. These pages are divided
into SEGMENTS labeled: ROM,
TOOL, FILE A, DATA, PATH,
SLOT, FILE B.

It is possible to have many BASIC
programs, and several TOOL and
DATA SEGMENTS, distributed
among different PAGEs. The
SEGMENTS may be ““slid”” relative
to one another so that BASIC pro-
grams can use TOOL and DATA
from a different page or so many
BASIC programs can be simul-
taneously resident in different
PAGEs.

It is possible to instantly switch be-
tween these different programs. The
output of one program can also be
used as the input of another pro-
gram. RAM 08 and DROM can be
used in TOOL and DATA positions
and TOOLKIT in a TOOL SEG-
MENT. If you have a RAM 16 it
could be used for FILE A while
RAM 64 could fill four pages of
FILE A or B.

COMPUSA FLOPPY
DISK SYSTEMS

COMPUSA FDC-101 — Can handle
40 track single or double density
disks. Up to 250K bytes. SAVE and
LOAD with no PEEK, POKE or
USR. Does not interfer with tape
save and load. Includes interface,
power supply, one Shugart SA-200
disk drive and cabinet capable of
holding 2 disk drives. Just plug in
and use. List $499.00.
A usa Sinclair Place $480.00
Shipping $8.00

FDC-102 — Same as FDC-101 but
with 2 disk drives. List $760.00
FERAE E Sinclair Place $740.00

Shipping $10.00

| VOTEM — A/D interface measures
voltage and temperature. Probe pro-
vided for liquid or air temperature.
Resolution better than .00005V or
0.04 °C. IV voltage range can be ex-
panded. Pulls less than 20MA at
+11V unregulated........... $59.95

RAM 16 — Sits on top of PER-
SONA to add 16K of RAM.$54.95

RAM 64 — 64K arranged as four
blocks of 16K all of which can be us-
ed simultaneously under the control
of MINIMAP. On-baord address
decoding allows simultaneous use of
many RAMs in conjunction with the
MINIMAP. X. 2. snn Fasos: $149.95

RAM 08 — A low cost memory ex-
pandable from 2K to 8K. Located in
an address space not used by
BASIC, either 2000 to 4000 or 8000
to A000. Ideal for data or machine
coded routines shared by several pro-
grams. More useful than you might

es aq a TAME a RE PERO, Bn $39.95
2K Ram plug in chips for Ram 08.
E N A A r A $11.95

TOOLKIT — Can use up to four 2K
EPROMs. Address space is located
after the on-board ROM. This
allows the calling of TOOLKIT-held
routines using the USR function.
Several TOOLKIT modules can be
used under MINIMAP control as

they are individually enabl-
ed/disabled.
020-007 Ht... Ru u 2. uu. $44.95

LINK a—
8 channel
A to D
$64.95

DROM — Memory storage with its
own rechargable battery to provide
non-volatile memory. Expandable
from 2K to 8K. Individual 2K blocks
can be protected against accidental
Overwriting.

USERFONT — User definable char-
acters for use with DROM and
TOOLKIT. User can define a set of
128 display characters dynamically
under program control, when used
with DROM or RAM 08. Also
available in TOOLKIT where the
alternative characters are stored in
an EPROM. USERFONT is ordered
in conjunction with the module it
will be used with.

020-012 Mi paul. $17.95

We realize many Timex/Sinclair owners hesitate to spend the money re-
quired to buy an 80 column printer or a disk drive. However, our 80 col-
umn printers and disk drives can be removed and used on other computers
by simply buying the proper interface when needed. You do not have to

worry about wasting money when you buy our systems.

THURNAL ELECTRONICS

Modular system. All units are cased and plug together. No wiring, solder-
ing or modifications needed. Can be used with RAM packs, printers, etc.
These are very well built units with wide application for control or education.
IIO PORT — 41⁄””"Wx31⁄”Lx11⁄” H. Fits between computer and RAM pack
(if used). Used to connect controls, sound and music generators, printers,
floppy discs, light pens, data transmission, etc. 16 fully programmable in-
put/output lines which are divided into two 8 line ports. Supports full hand-
shaking for data transfer, interrupt facilities and subtle bi-directional & con-
trol modes. All out-puts T.T.L. compatible............................ $34.00
MOTHERBOARD — 3'%4’’Wx6'4’’Lx%’’H. Plugs on the I/O port. Used for
multiple add-ons. Can handle up to 16 lines............................ $30.00
4 CHANNEL RELAY BOX — 3⁄”Wx2⁄”Lx11⁄” H. Plugs into output port
of I/O or motherboard. Allows programmable switching of loads to 1.5A,
240VAC or 3A, 110VAC/24VDC. 4 single pole contact relays....$27.00

TRANSISTOR DRIVERS: ................

*Requires 9V power source.

Z-EXCHEQUER — The Klutz-Proof Banking Program. Whether you are
an expert or just getting started this program will work for you. This is the
best documented, easy to use, banking program you'll find. All you need
to know is how to load a tape into your machine and follow SIMPLE in-
structions. Do deposits, checks, charges, debits, automatic teller transac-
tions, fees and so on. Has a complete reconciliation routine. There are 26
categories for classifying checks and deposits. These are easily changed, if
desired. Simple PRINT command for hard copy. Complete program listing

OO MA E Soe PR E OM

A A sassa $10.00

PERICON a — 24 lines of Program-
mable I/O. 3-8 bit ports. Uses Intel
8255-A. Up to 4 PERICON a can be
used a LR CM LA $54.95

PERICON b — 24 buffered lines of
heavy duty OUTPUT. Each can sink
40mA from 15V supply. 4 can be used.

A AAA ES OS TA outs $59.95
PERICON c — Centronics printer
interface. A a $74.95
CENTRONICS CABLE........... $19.95

INVERSE VIDEO MODULE
Solders inside case.
$15.00

REPEAT KEY MODULE
Solders inside case.
$15.00

ZX AD — Assembler/Debugger
$20.00

ZXIS - Disassembler............... $20.00

POWER SUPPLY — 9V with ON/OFF
switch. More powerful and cooler run-
ning than the standard power supply.

SWITCHED OUTLET BOX — One
outlet is offset and switched for your
power pack. The other three outlets are
left live. No more plugging and
unplugging or turning off everything
when you want to turn the computer
On and E II AN $10.95

16 KRAM — (Audio Comp.).$15.00

MEMOTECH SPECIALS

LIST OUR
$ 79.95 $ 73.00
$119.95 $110.00
Memopak Hi Res Graphics $ 79.95 $ 73.00
Memopak Assembler $ 39.95 $ 38.00
Memopak Centronics Interface $ 59.95 $ 57.00
Memopak RS232 Interface $ 79.95 $ 73.00
RS232 or Centronics Cable $ 19.95
GP100A Printer Package $299.00 $288.00
Includes interface and cable
(same as Gorilla Banana) - shipping $10.00
GP250X Printer Package $379.00 $358.00
Includes interface and cabic - shipping $10.00
Memotext $ 39.95 $ 38.00
Memocalc $ 39.95 $ 38.00
Memotech Keyboard $ 79.95 $ 73.00
Mura Modem $149.94 $140.00
Includes RS232 cable and compuserve
We will replace any defective pro-
ducts. All payments in U.S.
dollars. Add $2.00 for 4th class or
$3.50 for 1st class shipping or to
Hawaii, Alaska or Canada (except
printers). VISA € MASTER-
CARD add 3%.
Washington residents add 7.8%
tax.

Memopak RAM-32K
64K

Cinclain CD0ace e P.O. BOX 2288 + REDMOND, WA 98052

you will have to build. The Sinclair
printer will not work without this de-
coder circuit either.

The newer version of the CC expan-
sion board comes with the decoder cir-
cuit built into the board, but the
expansion pad pinout has been reversed
so that the Zodex board can no longer be
plugged directly onto the CC board. The
Zodex board can be plugged onto the
bus connection for the 16K RAM, but
then you have to work out another loca-
tion for the RAM.

The easiest way to tell the two ver-
sions of the CC board apart is that the
newer version has a 74LS27 IC chip lo-
cated next to the optional LM323 volt-
age regulator while the older version
does not.

If you have the older version, you can
plug the Zodex board directly onto an
edge connector on the C board. Al-
though there are several ways to install
the required decoder circuit, I recom-
mend writing to Computer Continuum
for a copy of the documentation for the
new version. Figure 1, schematic, and
Figure 2, legend, are all you will need.
Then install the 74LS27 just as it is on
the new version. It can be installed in the
same spot as the new version with an IC
socket, a few jumper wires, and some
cuts in the circuit board foil. This will
give you essentially the newer version.

If you have the new version of the
Computer Continuum board, the de-
coder is already installed. If you do not
want to solder the Zodex board(s) di-
rectly together, you will have to build an
intermediate connector. The pinouts of
the .1 inch center edge connectors are
jumpered to the correct fingers of the
.156 inch center, 4 x 5 inch PC board.

The circuit I will describe uses the
RX81 board to drive a Darlington
transistor array, activating 5 volt 14 pin
DIP relays which in turn switch the
BSR X-10. The transistor array and DIP
relay pinouts are shown in Figure 4.

As with the robot circuit I plugged the
RX81 boards into the Computer Contin-
uum expansion board, and will not re-
peat the description of that hookup here.

The only additional PC board for this
project is pictured in Photo 5. Again I
used the OK Hobby Board and plugged
it into the Computer Continuum board
with electrical interconnection only for
+5 volts and ground. The photo shows
a partial wire-up with the transistor ar-
ray at the upper right (the socket below
it is for a second transistor array); five
adjacent DIP relay sockets (relays are
installed only in four); and, the 16 pin
DIP socket at the upper left is the out-
put to the X-10. The flat cable in the up-
per right corner is a jumper from the
RX381 output. A complete pinout for the
project is listed in Figure 5.

Walking through One Circuit

For an example of the end-to-end wir-
ing of the project, I will walk you
through one control circuit. RX81 out-
put D1 (referred to as 1-1) is connected
to pin #2 of transistor array #1. The
corresponding output of the array is pin
+15. This is connected to pin #6 of re-
lay #2. Pin #8 of relay #2 is con-

Photo 6.

nected to pin #6 of the DIP jumper
socket. In order to complete the switch
action of the relay contacts, pin #14 of
the same relay is connected to pin #8 of
the DIP jumper socket. This line con-
trols the “ON” switch of the X-10.

Remember that ground and +5 volt
connections also have to be made to
each transistor array and relay (Figure
4). The +5 volts is connected to pin 2 of
each relay and pin 9 of each transistor
array. Also, a ground connection is
made to pin 8 of the transistor array.
Note that the ground connection to the
coil of each relay is made by the output
of the transistor array.

After all wiring is complete, the relay
board is connected to the BSR X-10
with a 16 pin double male ended DIP
jumper cable (see Photo 6). The RX81
boards and Computer Continuum board
are also visable in the photo. My entire
computer setup with BSR X-10 sitting
on top of the case housing the expansion

board is pictured in Photo 7.
— Figure 5.
Darlington DIP Relays
Transistor
Arrays* Pin 8 Pin 14
RX-81 Input to DIP to DIP | Controls
Output to Pin Jumper Jumper Switch
Trans Input Output 6 of Socket Socket
DO-6 | Array + Pin # Pin + | Relay # Pin + Pin +
1-1 1 1 16 1 oral 3 1
1-2 1 2 15 6 8 ON
1-3 1 3 14 3 8 10 OFF
1-4 1 4 13 4 5 8 BRIGHT
1-5 1 5 12 5 8 9 DIM
1-6 1 6 11 6 4 8 ALL LIGHTS ON
1-7 1 7 10 T A 8 ALL OFF
2-1 2 1 16 8 3 11 2
2-2 2 2 15 9 1 6 3
2-3 2 3 14 10 6 11 4
2-4 2 4 13 11 1 4 5
2-5 2 5 12 12 4 11 6
2-6 2 6 11 13 1 5 7
2-7 2 7 10 14 5 11 8
RX-81 output board #1 wired as “out 7”
RX-81 output board #2 wired as “out 6”
Example: Output DO from board wired as “out 7” is listed above as 1-1.
*ULN2003A
Figure 6. Software Commands.
Keyboard
Function/Switch Relay Output POKE A, POKE B, Entry
1 1 1-1 1 4 1
ON 1-2 2 7 0
OFF 3 1-3 4 7 F
BRIGHT 4 1-4 8 7 B
DIM 5 1-5 16 7 D
ALL LIGHTS ON 6 1-6 32 7 L
ALL OFF 7 1-7 64 7 A
2 8 2-1 1 6 2
3 9 2-2 2 6 3
4 10 2-3 4 6 4
5 11 2-4 8 6 5
6 12 2-5 16 6 6
7 13 2-6 32 6 da
8 14 2-7 64 6 8

(Note: A=16522 and B=16524)

January/February 1984 © SYNC

NOW

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CIRCLE 35 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Photo 7.

Start Controlling

Now that the system is wired up, it is
time to punch up some programs and
start controlling. The data sheet that
comes with the RX81 explains a few

TS1000

programming instructions to get you
started, but we need to show off the
controlling capabilities with a sample
program such as in Listing 1 and Listing
2;

64K Inside!!

And under $100!

m tt pe ra n pe s te ra ta
Lepra

e OS 65 2

L Oe 0 D we P O w
ES 8 58 0 08 1 GS O 68

No bulky add-ons so it leaves the rear connector
free for peripherals! No wobbles or fear of
crashing if your computer is bumped!!

By aswitch, you can disable the 10-12K, 8-12K,
or 8-16K area of memory so that it doesnt in-
terfere with peripherals that use these areas of
memory.

Itinstalls INSIDE your computer in a minute with
easy instructions and NO soldering. It simply
plugs into the microprocessor socket. Or, get it
in a complete kit that you can assemble. Our
products carry a 90 day warranty.

The 64KT is for a TS 1000 with a serial no. prefix
of F, P, or T. The 64KZ is for a TS 1000 with
prefix of D, and for the ZX81.

The 64KT or 64KZ fits INSIDE your computer to
increase its memory to its full capability of 64K
bytes, yet it won't cause overheating!

To order, send the order form, or a copy to:

INDEPENDENCE RESEARCH
P.O. BOX 1497
OREM, UTAH 84057

ARES RS E EN a ys

Please send me: _ 64KT @ 95.00 ea.
__64KZ (095.00 ea.
__64KTK O 90.00 ea.
__64KZK @ 90.00 ea.

for the right amount plus 4.00 for
shipping and handling
_ Please ship C.O.D. for the right amount

"Fas | have enclosed a check or money order
i

| plus 4.00 for shipping and handling.

36 CIRCLE 24 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Both programs start with the line of
machine language in the REM statement
followed by POKE 16517, 79.

To activate an output line you first
POKE the binary number for the line,
then POKE the number of the output
board (if you have more than one board)
and the activate the command with an
OUT USR statement. For example, if
you wanted to activate output line #3
on an output board wired as “OUT 7”
you would write the program as follows:

100 POKE 16522,4
(addresses line #3)

110 POKE 16524,7
(addresses board wired as OUT 7)

120 LET OUT=USR 16521
(activates command)

Figure 6 summarizes the software
commands. In this application you
POKE a command which latches a
switch on, pause a short time to activate
the X-10 function/switch to a key on the
ZX/TS keyboard as listed in Figure 6.
To turn on appliance or lamp module
“1” you first press 1 on the keyboard
and then 0. To turn all lamp modules on
press A.

Of course, you can work out other
control programs. You are limited only
by your imagination.

Parts List
BSR X-10 Control System:
Heathkit FGDP-1510
Lamp Module:
Heathkit FGDP-1512
Appliance Module:
Heathkit #GDP-1514
ULN2003 Transistor Darlington Array:
Mouser +511-L203B
Magnacraft 5 colt DIP Relays:
Knapco #171DIP262
16 Pin Single Ended DIP Jumper:
Digi-key #R112-6
16 Pin Double Ended Dip Jumper:
Digi-key #R116-18
PC Board. Hobby Board.
Digi-key #K160-ND
Edgeboard connectors.
Digi-key #C1-22
Digi-key #C5-50
Computer Continuum expansion board
Zodex RX-81

“Aha!”

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

TIMEWORKS “TWO ’FER-FREE”

SOFTWARE SALE.

Two Once-In-A-Lifetime Ways To Get Two Super
Timeworks Programs Free And Save Up To $33.90!

1. BUY A TIMEWORKS COMPUTER CONTROL CENTER
(For Timex-Sinclair 1000 and Sinclair ZX-81 Computers.)

$29.95

GET TWO TIMEWORKS PROGRAMS FREE! (Choose from
list below. Retail Value: $16.95 each.)

SAVE *33.90

TIMEWORKS COMPUTER CONTROL CENTER.

Effectively eliminates cluttered cables in your work area. On/Off
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and Tape Deck hook-up. Holds Software tapes in neat, specially
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20" deep, 14%" wide.

Cat. No. Cat. No.

1101 THE QUIZ KIT" Educational 1302 THE COLLECTOR'S COMPANION
learning system. Construct your Cataloging and inventory recording
own quizzes. 16K Req. system for all collectibles. 16K Req.

1201 5-2 GAMES” Five Challenging 1303 THE INSURANCE PROPERTY
and entertaining games. 2K Req. RECORD™ Home contents inven-

1202 STAR BATTLE™ Realistic deep tory recording system. 16K Req.
space adventure to save Earth. 1304 THE ELECTRONIC CHECKBOOK™
16K Req. Check recording, sorting and

1203 ROBBERS OF THE LOST TOMB™ balancing system. 16K Req.
Perilous adventure in search of 1306 FORGET-ME-NOT" A recording
the Sacred Tablets. 16K Req. and retrieval system for important

1204 WALL STREET™ A competitive occasions, events and appoint-
game of financial speculation. ments. 16K Req.
16K Req. 1307 DATA MASTER™ A general infor-

1205 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN™ mation storage and retrieval sys-
Conduct a nationwide campaign tem—with “X-SEARCH” Feature.
to become the next President of 16K Req.
the United States. 16K Req. 1308 5-2K FAMILY PAK™ 5 Household

1207 SYCON’S REVENGE” Realistic programs for the basic T/S 1000
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1301 THE MONEY MANAGER™ Home 1401 PROGRAMMING KIT 1™ A prac-
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MBR Distributors, P.O. Box 312, Deerfield, IL 60015, 312/291-9284

2. BUY ANY TIMEWORKS PROGRAM LISTED BELOW

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SAVE *33.90

ON TOTAL VALUE

MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE.

If for any reason, you are not completely satisfied, you may
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SOR Poa ae Ga e ri eee a

| RUSH THIS COUPON TODAY.
MBR Distributors, P.O. Box 321, Deerfield, IL 60015

Check or OMO OVISA O MasterCharge O American Express
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Signature

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i
š l
| 1. Rushme Computer Control Centers @ $29.95/ea. $#_ |
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i ALSO INCLUDE TWO FREE PROGRAMS: we i
Catalog Numbers. oy ee a ASAT es y
| 2. Rushme TIMEWORKS Programs @ $16.95/ea., $ i
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Catalog Nurmnber(S) a ee se AS
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Catalog Numbers $ u 6
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i NAME |
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CITY
| f
i l
i i
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Dept. SY-1

k. 2 = al dl eg ee in T ee s a o s de

CIRCLE 61 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Listing 1.

SQ POKE A,1 334 GOSUB S72
2 REM <J gf TAN Y PEEK ATAN B@ POKE 8.8 240 STOP
18 POKE 16517,79 70 LET OUT=USR € 358 POKE A,32
20 LET A=15522 30 STOP 360 POKE B.7?
34 LET B=15524 S0 GOSUB S32 370 LET OUT=USR C
40 LET C=15521 188 STOP 339 STOP
119 POKE AZ 390 GOSUB 570
: 1240 POFE 6.5 300 STOP
Addresses: 139 LET OUT=USR C 410 POKE 8,84
: id@ STOP sc POR hoor
Oper Heath Co., Benton Harbor, isa sosue sza 430 LET OUT=U5R C
160 STOP ¿444 STOP
I 49022. ; ; 172 POKE A,4 459 GOSUB 570
Mouser Electronics, 11433 Woodside 130 POKE 8,5 oe 462 STOP | ie
Ave., Santee, CA 92071. eg eee eS ico HOKE F
i 214 GOSUB 539 490 LET OUTSUSR C
Knapp of Florida, Inc., 4750 96th St. aan eras eoo Seng
N., St. Petersburg, FL 33708. 230 POKE A.S 510 GOSUB 570
Digi-key Corp., PO Box 677, Thief 5$% LET out=usn c 530 POKE Ae
River Falls, MN 56701. 250 STO š 540 A E
° ; 270 GOSUB 538 S52 sUSR C
Computer Continuum, 301-16 Ave., 28a STOR š 550 RETURN ;
: 292 POKE 4,16 570 POK j
San Francisco, CA 94118. 300 POKE B >? Sa POKE B >”
Zodex, East Hill, Oakham, MA 212 LET OUT=USR € 59% LET OUT=uUSR c
01068 Mj 320 STOP 5090 RETURN

E REM (=R. J TAN Y PEEK Pra Fag POKE F. iñ isra cosuB E
14 FOKE 15517,7292 Baa GOSUB G i1532 PAUSE =
28 GOTO 20549 319 FOR l-1 TO 28 1598 SOSuUB D
30 PORE A,3 320 IF li=20 THEN SOTO 248 1688 POKE A, FÖ
4@ POKE 6.7 230 HEXT H 1610 POKE 6,7
S@ LET OUT-U3R C 234 GCOSUB D 1628 GOSUB G
EG PAUSE 323 2589 FORE A,5 1630 PAUSE 229
70 POKE A,19 S62 GOsSuB E 1549 POKE A,54
sa SOSUB E 570 PAUSE 28 1658 GOSuB E
92 PAUSE 72 338 PORE A, 16658 POKE A,93
ie SosuB > 94 GOSuUEB E i872 GOSUB G
110 IF RND<.S THEN GOTO 140 5099 POKE 4,5 1638 PAUSE 224
120 PORE A,6 3149 GOSUB G 15909 POKE A,54
134 GoTa 135 320 FOR U=-i TO 12 1700 GOSUB E
149 POKE 4,3 3530 LET IM=i5R F 1714 POKE A,144¢
158 GosuB E S42 IF IN=2 THEN SOTO 3298 720 POKE 6,6
162 PAUSE 37 3958 IF IN=i THEN GOTO 398 7340 GOSuUB E
i?@ SOSUEB D 960 IF IN=3 THEN SOTO 399% 1744 FOKE A,13
189 GoTo e218 3978 IF isis THEN GOTO 1818 1759 GOSUB G
is POKE A,2 2339 NEXT ll 1759 PAUSE 18
SOQ LET O0UuT=USswR C 258 GCOSUEB D 1770 PORE A,145
219 PAUSE 38 ive GŪTI 258 i738 GO5UB E
220 RETURN iia GCOSUB P 1790 PAUSE 22
239 LET OUT=-U3R C lema PORE A,18 1888 GCOSUB D
248 RETURN ise GOSUB G 1310 LET IMH=i5R F
259 POKE F, 184@ FOR W=1 Tü 18 i320 IF IN=@ THEN GOTO 1342
¿54 PORE B.,7 10589 IF ¿i=12 THEN GoTo 18789 1330 PAUSE 422
278 LET OUT=U5SR C 1950 NEXT Li 18428 POKE A,125
224 PAUSE =a iu7a cosa D 13549 PORE 6,7?
23908 PORE A,1a 1939 POKE A. 1860 GOSUB E
sep GOSuUB E i898 SOSUB E 1878 POKE #A,35
310 PAUSE 37 1188 PAUSE 37 559 POKE &,5
328 GOSUB P i118 POKE A,8 1292 GOSUB E
338 POKE A,9 1120 POKE B,? 1204 PAUSE 190
ig GOSUEB E 1134 GOSUB E 1312 PORE A,33
350 PAUSE s 11428 POKE A,32 ise8 GOSUB G
B68 GOSUEB D 1159 PORE 5,7 1230 PAUSE ið
278 GOTO 2210 1168 GOSUB G 1348 POKE A, il
3388 POKE A,8 iva PAUSE 508 1952 S05uB E
398 POHE 5.7 1188 cosuB P 19554 GOSUB C
42a LET OUT=USR C 1138 PORE A,15 1974 PORE A,54
410 PAUSE 38 1282 GOSUB E 19339 PORKE 6,7
420 PORE F. 19 ici PAUSE 132 12530 scos5u5n E
432 GOS E {228 GOSUB P 22008 PAUSE 42
dig PAUSE 37 1238 PORE =. S= 2818 POKE A,S
4528 GOSUE D i248 GSOSUEB E “222 COSUB G
462 PORE A,S i258 PAUSE 43 zucza PAUSE 254
472 GOSUB E 12652 GOSUB P 28243 GOSUB P
422 PAUSE = 1278 PORE A, isa ¿se GOTO 22128
430 GOSuUB D ipsa GOSUB E zasa LET A-15522
se GOTO 2218 3298 PORE 4,15 cora LET B=-i5524
sie STOP 1388 GOSUEB G ¿usa LET C-i552i
528 REM REAÑDOM SELECT 1318 PAUSE Së S252 LET G=192
534 IF RND:<.57 THEN GoTo 2258 1328 PORE #, 154 2104 LET EF=228
Sig PORE AS 1338 cosun E 2110 LET F=-i65i4
558 PORE &,F 1348 PAUSE 28 2120 LET S5=-230
S68 GOSUB E 1258 GCOSuUEB P 2138 FOKE A,@
S72 PORE A,12 1368 POKE 2,125 2id@ PORE B,7
S82 GOSuUB E 1370 FOKE 8,7 2158 LET OUT=USR C
SSG PAUSE 13323 1350 COSUEB E 159 POKE 4,2
S88 PORE 5,8 1398 PAUSE 72 2i?72 PORE &,6
Fig GIUE E 1488 GCOSUB P 2188 LET OUT=SUSR C
až PORE RA,S i448 FOR Wal To 5982 2138 PAUSE 422
2540 SOSUB E jáczao LET IN=sUSR F 22808 LET RN=1
S40 PRUSE 3 1438 IF IN-123 THEN GOTO 14598 e21i@ POKE R,5
S52 PORE A,8 i442 IF W=388 THEN GOTO i468 2220 FOKE 6,7
264 COSUEB E 1458 NEXT H 2239 LET OUT=U5R C
578 PORE A,5 458 PORE 4,54 e248 LET TH=2
BSA 0sua + 1470 POKE B,? 2258 LET TH=TN+i
698 FOR Ligi TO 12 i428 GOSUE 2258 LET IN=USR F
¿o LET IH=U5R F i438 PORE A, 35 ¿se? IF IN=1 THEN GOTO 22
Pie IF IN=4 THEN SOTO 758 1528 POFE 25,5 2220 IF IN=2 THEN GOTO 252
724 IF IN=1 THEN GOTO Fee 1518 cosup E 2220 IF IN=4 THEN SOTO <34u
730 IF IN=5 THEN GOTO 758 i522 PAUSE =š 25300 IF IN=3 THEH GOTO 258
740 IF U-i2 THEN GoTo 738 i532 PORE A,33 23128 IF IN=5 THEN GOTO 398
7S NEXT i 1548 COSUEB € ¿2320 IF IN=7 THEN GOTO 28
768 GOSUB P 1559 PAUSE 18 2338 IF TN=28 THEN cofTo 538
774 GOTO 388 1554 PORE A.37 22342 GOTO 22528

Go
œ

January/February 1984 © SYNC

$19. 90 Order ref: PBS1

COMPUTER
ADD-ONS

COMPUTER STANDS
Power base

Raised stand for TS1000 and TS1500. Fitted LOAD/SAVE

switch, and power ON/OFF for screen clearing. Saves

wear and tear on connections. Front lip holds computer in

Bev ae ses comes complete with all necessary
plugs and cables

O SA N NEW Spectrum Sound, with build in

variable sound amplifier. (PBS2).

WOBBLE skies

At last, a fool proof gg
method of avoiding §
TS1000 whiteouts
caused by Ram-Pack
wobble. Simply turn the
plastic thumbscrew
until the Ram-Pack is
held firmly against the
TS1000. No soldering,
no stick-on pieces, just
common sense! Flat or
tilted models.

& Ram Pack.

Small flat for TS1000/1500 Ram Pack.

$7. 90 Order ref: SW Order ref: STW

Large flat or tilted
for TS1000/1500
Ram Pack and Printer.

$8.90 flat ref. LW
$10.90 tited

ref: LTW

Small tilted for
TS1000/1500 &

$9.90

FABULOUS SINCLAIR/TIMEX
OFFER FOR TS1000 OWNERS

These are the real thing. TS1000 memory extensions
made for the USA and specifically screened to stop
radio interference. Fully Guaranteed for 12 months
e no soldering + easy to fit e simply plug in

e no loss of memory through wobble or whiteout

i ! COMPUTERS:
š 414 South Evergreen, Arlington Heights, Illinois 60005. i

` Pasa Sond: Jos bans ay Tee ee E E wae Seales Š

i enclose check for$ ............. payable to Computer Add Ons £

Ë Li T uel, EN et ids gee ate DEN s ers ar ee Oa Ë

Ë NOME ya ae O Meee S E AR eN ek cele ine B

a l ERN A EET a EN Pieced EE
Mi ME1 64 USA Eo a n a E yas i
$25.50 ME1 16 USA j COURAGE! intra Hen FEE Cis liek elk ss © drat a pa I y, S2

Qe s == Add $4.00 Shipping & Handling to all prices. mm ú mu ú

CIRCLE 4 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Er” LI =

N TORO

Type in the following lines.
Karari

E
a Th et Y AL

ta C PE pet

Fa C a Wu

Put the computer in SLOW mode. Press
RUN and ENTER. Then press various
keys. Can you control the site of the launch
pad? Our thanks to:

Hung Ton

6837 Carnegie Dr.

Richmond, VA 23226

Reverse Polish Notation Zx81
Language > is a FORTH-like language
providing 15 times the execution
speed of Sinclair BASIC in half
the program space!

RPNZL GOES BEYOND FORTH--

@3000 bps cassette system
eStructured, modular code with IF,

DO, BEGIN, WHILE, SELECT/CASE x
eFull TS2040 printer support ..2 |.
eFull-screen editor with flashing cursor
eBuilt-in SHAPE and FIGure commands .
eMore features eMore features -

oe,
The RPNZL Programming System package
includes: TE
eLanguage Tape with Resident ©

Monitor Program
eEditor/Compiler
eProgram Sampler

e70-page Manual ~
— @Linker — -
The RPNZL System requires at
least 16K RAM
(Add 64% sales tax + $2.00 ` -—
shipping & handling) ` / —

“FHE
>

TS1000:

carted wen eee vant ia
Wa Wa Wa Wa ETE fe tg

Ma có vl CE CEL Be al PEE foe fect foots

USA
1

TS2068: Make these o

Press RUN and ENTER. Observe the
results. Our thanks to:

Robert Hewson

12397 Lansdowne

Detroit, MI 48224

UNLOCK
PONER

LENGTH
C-10

THE GOLDEN STAIR
141A Dore Street

San Francisco, CA 94103
(415) 552-1415

CIRCLE 17 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ES by check, Mastercharge
residents add 5% sales tax. No shipping to P.O. Boxes. Ship-
dobra U.P.S. to continental USA only. For shipping and handling add

p 10 pack, $5 for 100 pack, $12 for 500 pack.

CIRCLE 1 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Type in the following lines:

TS1000:
Sa CET lic+ise
40 CIM UsStL
76 PRINT AT ae
72 El AT A
50 IF L:15E3 PRINT aT 15
E ¡ER
20 GOTO 30
TS2068: Make these changes:
70 PRINT AT 18.15; "x": PAUSE 7
80 IF 123553 THEN PRINT AT is,
6: "over SSK

Press RUN and ENTER. Observe the
progressive slowing down. This demon-
strates the use of a time/memory com-
parison. Our thanks to:

Robert A. Manion

1231 Peermont Ave.

Pittsburgh, PA 15216 "a

PREMIUM DATA er”

FOR YOUR COMPUTER

10-PACK 100-PACK 500-PACK
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YOU WITH ALL YOUR CASSETTE PRODUCTION
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or Visa. Add $5 for C.O.D. shipments.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

the RATED THE BEST

E-Z KEY 60 HAS EARNED A4-STAR
@ RATING FROM A NATIONAL
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lo I TESTIMONIALS PROCLAIM
&
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°

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FOR FASTER & EASIER DATA ENTRY
WITH YOUR E-Z KEYBOARD...

Here at last, is a large 60 key “TACTILE
FEEL” keyboard that plugs into the same
connectors as the existing keyboard on
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HERE THE CLICK ... FEEL THE SNAP!
for every key pressed (tactile feedback)

IT'S THE ONLY KEYBOARD WITH ALL OF

THESE FEATURES:
e 60 moving keys: solid (not rubber)

e Legends in three colors on the base (color coded by key function)

e Molded legends on keytops (no stickers)

e 8 automatic shift keys (no shifting required) for edit, delete,
single & double quotes, colon, semi-colon, function and stop

e 2 shift keys

e Numeric keypad

e 5” space bar

e No wiring required (Just plug in)
Cables and instructions are included

SWITCH SPECIFICATIONS:
Keytops measure 0.4” by

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EC-14 (14” X 9” X 3.5”) 29.95
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Note: The T/S 1500 requires an adapter cable, AC 1500 for $9.9

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CIRCLE 13 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Hatch Your Nest Egg

David Draker

The best part about money is spending
it. The worst part is that eventually the
money runs out. Calculating how long
the money will last can be time consum-
ing and tedious. How frustrating it is to
complete a lengthy set of calculations
covering a 20 year period, only to dis-
cover that you forgot to take into ac-
count a car purchase in year 14, or that
you made a mistake in year 3, or that
you now wish you had used a different
interest rate in your calculations.

A colleague of mine who will retire
soon wanted to know what kind of in-
come he could anticipate during his
retirement years. He asked me if I had a
formula to calculate how long the
money would last if he received 7% in-
terest on his severance pay and withdrew
$300 a month.

I did not have a simple formula, but I
thought immediately of my Sinclair and
decided to write a program to let the
computer do the work.

Program Features

Estimating future income and expen-
ditures is difficult because of the large
number of factors that must be consid-
ered such as: initial capital amount, new
additions of capital, interest rates, in-
terest accumulation, and monthly
withdrawals.

Initial Capital

You begin using the program by
entering a lump sum amount of capital,
e.g., your existing savings, a bond com-
ing due, you equity from the sale of a
property, your annual savings from a
raise in salary, an estimate of your inher-
itance, or simply your dream of your lot-
tery winnings. Any amount of initial
capital may be used.

David Draker, 92 Ruskin St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada
K1Y 4B2.

The display shows a summary of your inputs and
prints the years and the amount of capital

left until it is all gone.

New Capital

You may then choose: 1) to add new
capital in lump sum amounts during any
5 years, 2) not to add new capital, or 3)
to add capital in only 1 or 2 years, up to
a maximum of 5 years. You can select
any year, e.g. number 4, number 13, and
number 17.

Interest Rates

The program then offers you a choice
of holding the interest rate constant or of
varying the interest rate. The rate may
be your own estimate, or be based on
information from newspapers, trade
magazines, your banker, or an invest-
ment advisory service.

1) Constant Interest

If you feel that no one can predict in-
terest rates or that, with inflation
moderating, the interest rates will not be
as volatile as in the last decade, you may
choose the present interest rate (or a
more moderate one) and hold that rate
constant for all the years of the
calculations.

2) Varying Interest

If you have faith in professionals’ abil-
ity to predict financial matters or feel
that interest rate volatility will continue,
you will probably choose to vary the in-
terest rate assumptions. If you choose
the varying interest rate option, the pro-
gram recognizes that near term predic-
tions will be more accurate than longer
term predictions. This recognition re-
quires changing the number of years for
which a given interest rate will apply.

Since a fairly good estimate of interest
rates may be possible for the first year,

the program asks you to specify one in-
terest rate for the first year. Predicttons
then become difficult. The program asks
you to specify an interest rate for the
next 2 years, and a third for the following
3 years. To this point, interest rates have
been selected for the first 6 years. Ac-
curate prediction beyond that point is
virtually impossible. Thus, the program
asks you to select a fourth interest rate
for all remaining years of the calcula-
tions, probably a moderate rate reflecting
normal economic times.

Interest Accumulation

The next choice in the program is
whether or not to leave the capital alone
for a number of years to collect interest
before you begin withdrawing money.
For example, if you have an annuity or a
savings plan for your children’s educa-
tion, you will probably not withdraw
money for a certain number of years.
The capital amount will then grow at the
rate you previously determined, accord-
ing to your selection of interest rates and
the additions of new capital.

On the other hand, if you intend to be-
gin withdrawing money immediately
from your capital, you would not select
this option.

Withdrawal Rates

The final choice of the program is ei-
ther a constant or a varying monthly
withdrawal rate.

If you are relatively certain about
your intended withdrawals and of the
stability of the economic environment,
then you would probably choose a con-
stant withdrawal rate.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

If you believe that inflation will con-
tinue, or if you estimate that your with-
drawal needs will change over the years
(for example, because of your living ex-
penses going up or down), then you
would select the option to vary the with-
drawal rates.

The program assumes that your
prediction of your financial needs will
probably be more accurate in the near
term than in the long term. Thus, you
are asked to select one monthly with-
drawal rate for the first 2 years, another
for the next 3 years, a third for the
following 5 years, and a fourth for all
remaining years.

Regardless of whether you select a
constant or varying withdrawal rate, the
withdrawals are not introduced into the
calculations until after the years of in-
terest accumulation without withdraw-
als have ended.

Program Output

At this point, your inputs are finished.
The program will first display a sum-
mary of your selected options and inputs
and then print the years and the amount
of capital left until all the capital is gone.

Thus, you will see how many years
the money will last under your set of
assumptions. If the results are not
satisfactory in terms of meeting your
financial objectives, you can change the
items and try the calculations again.

Examples

The following three examples dem-
onstrate the flexibility of “Nest Egg.” I
recommend that you use the FAST
mode when running this program.

1) Retirement

Upon retirement, many people receive
a lump sum payment of severance bene-
fits. Suppose that you retire at age 63
and receive $10,000. Because of a pen-

sion, you will not need to withdraw |

money immediately; so you decide to
leave the capital alone for 4 years to col-
lect interest. At age 71, you decide to sell
your house and move to an apartment.
Thus, you will have both an influx of
capital and an increase in monthly living
expenditures.

LOAD or ENTER the program in
Listing 1. Press RUN and ENTER to
start. First, the program will ask you to
enter the initial capital. Enter 10,000.
When the computer asks if you wish to
add new capital, answer yes, and, upon
prompting for the number of such years,
enter 1. The computer asks you to enter
the year number and the amount of new
capital. Since at the age of 71 you would
be at year number 8 of the program
calculations (which began at your age of
63), enter 8 and then enter the capital
amount (e.g., 60,000 for the house sale).

Then select interest rates. If you be-

January/February 1984 © SYNC

lieve rates will change over the years, an-
swer yes to the computer’s questioning if
you wish to vary the rates. The com-
puter will then ask for the interest rate
for the first year (enter 8), the next 2
years (7), the next 3 years (6.5), and all
remaining years (4).

You are then asked if you wish to
leave the capital alone to collect interest
for a number of years. In this case, you
answer yes, and upon prompting for the
number of years, enter 4.

Now you are asked to decide if your
withdrawals will vary over the years.
Since you are changing accommoda-
tions, answer yes. Perhaps you also wish
to increase the rate of withdrawals to
cover inflation. Remember that you re-
tired at age 63 and let interest accu-
mulate for 4 years until age 67. At age
71, you will see an increase in expenses
as you move to an apartment.

After estimating your monthly finan-
cial needs, enter upon prompts a with-
drawal rate of 150 per month for the
first 2 years (i.e., to age 69), 200 per
month in the next 3 years (i.e., to age
72), 600 per month in the next 5 years
(i.e., to age 77), and 700 per month in all
remaining years. The dramatic increase
in the third withdrawal rate is to take
into account the increased accommoda-
tion expenses.

Calculations are automatic. All you do is
enter your tax information. Tax Command
does all mathematical calculations for you.
Built-in tax tables eliminate guesswork. No
more finding the right column down and
right line across. Tax Command has the
1040 tax tables built right in. So
it Zeros in on your refund (or tax
payment) amount automatically.
Tax Command is fast, easy! It

TAX COMMAND

NOW YOUR TIMEX PUTS LINE-BY-LINE CONTROL
OF TAX PREPARATION AT YOUR FINGER TIPS.

gives your computer more than Practical Programs, tne.

P.O. Box 93104-F © Milwaukee, WI 53203 (414) 278-0829
Available at fine computer stores everywhere, or by ordering direct.

CIRCLE 38 ON READER SERVICE CARD

As soon as you enter the last figure,
the program prepares and displays the
following summary of your inputs:

At this point, you can review the in-
puts to see if you wish to change any
assumption when you run the program
again.

Press CONT and ENTER, and the
program will begin the calculations.
When the display reappears after about
10 seconds, it will show 20 years of
calculations. Note that the amount of
capital increases to $13167 at the end of
year 4, reflecting the 4 years of interest
accumulation you selected. The capital
left then decreases to $9264 at the end of
year 7 because the withdrawals began in
year 5. In year 8, the capital increases to
$69634 as the house sale was included at
the beginning of the year. The next year,
the capital increases again to $70019, be-
cause interest income was slightly larger
than withdrawals. But the next year, the
capital decreases as the withdrawal rate
changes from $200 monthly to $600
monthly (i.e. year 10 is year number 6 of
monthly withdrawals). For the five years
of $600 monthly withdrawals, the cap-
ital declines significantly from $70019 in
year 9 to $46188 in year 14. From that
point, monthly withdrawals of $700 pro-
duce a more rapid decline to $2722 in
year 20. Press CONT and ENTER. `

just the 1040 tax form. Tax Command tells
you when fo income average, and has the
forms you need. Plus Schedule A (Itemized
Deductions, including medical), capital
gains and losses, and more. Anyone who
can read can use Tax Command. And the
best feature of all... just
$24.95 plus $2.00 for shipping
and handling. Wisconsin
residents add 5% tax.

LET YOUR

TIMEX COMPUTER
WORK FOR YOU

PERSONAL - BUSINESS - EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS:
On cassette - menu driven - printer optional
Available for: TS 1000/1500/2000 Series

MAILING LIST -16K: Holds 100 names, ad-
dresses and phone numbers - Searches -
Sorts - Lists - Changes - Deletes - Prints . 9.95

MAILING LIST-64K: Does same as 16K only
holds 425 names, etc. .............. 9.95

INVENTORY-16K: Holds 150 items with com-
ments (Serial Nos., etc.) Searches - Lists -
Changes - Deletes - Prints

INVENTORY-64K: Same as 16K only holds
750 items with comments

CHECKING-16K: Lists 25 deposits - 80
checks - Adds interest - Deducts Serv.
Charges - Searches by #, name, date or
amount - Prints list of deposits, accts. & checks

CHECKING-64K: Same as 16K only lists 100
deposits - 500 checks

GRADEBOOK: Teacher's time saver - Self-
adjusting memory - Computes means, stand-
ard deviations, variance and coefficient of vari-
ation - Ranks by weighted or unweighted aver-

FINANCIAL RECORD KEEPER-16K: Holds
20 files for household or small business ex-
penses and/or income - Reviews, corrects or
changes information - Prints list for tax pur-

poses ; 14.95
FINANCIAL RECORD KEEPER PLUS-48K:

Does same as 16K - also keeps up to 500
checking transactions - Reconciles checkbook
with bank statement

SALES FILE-16K: Retail business program
can be used directly as a cash register to keep
records for bookkeeping and inventory. Holds
150 items & 25 accounts - Prints accounts,
inventory & receipts

SALES FILE-64K: Same as 16K only holds
600 items & 100 accounts

INVOICE CONTROL: Keeps track of, and
prints, invoices for the small business. Self-
adjusts according to amount of memory avail-

APPOINTMENT CALENDAR-16K: Enter date
and list up to (8) appointments per day for up
to (31) days - Change - Delete - Print - Save

CASH REGISTER-16K: Totals, figures sales
tax - Clears and keeps daily totals - Prints
sales slips w/company name & date .. 9.95

MULTIPLICATION TABLES-16K: Choose the
multiplier for up to 50 problems - (YES) or
(NO) will appear after each problem. Incorrect
problems may be listed with answers . 9.95
MATH QUIZ-16K: Choose (+) (—) (x) (+)
for up to 50 problems w/six difficulty levels
(Grade School)

FLASH SPELLING-16K: Enter up to fifty
words - Determine how long you want the word
flashed

SEND FOR FREE CATALOG

Any three $9.95 tapes for $24.95 - Add $1.00
per tape shipping - Ind. res. add 5% sales tax
- Send Cert. Check, M.O., VISA or M/Card No.
w/Exp. Date.

HEATH COMPUTER SERVICE
950 E. - 52 S., Greentown, IN 46936

Phone: (317) 628-3130

CIRCLE 18 ON READER SERVICE CARD

di your child, as a university student, withdraws
$250 a month, how long... ?

When the display reappears, it shows
the last year of calculation, year 21, with
capital left of $5570. This last figure
means that after 21 years, you would be
$5570 in debt, or that your Nest Egg
would be gone in between 20 and 21
years. Thus, with this set of assump-
tions, you would exhaust your money at
about age 83 or 84.

Given a realistic life expectancy, that
situation is probably acceptable. If it
does not seem quite enough, then you
may wish to rerun the calculations,
changing the amounts of initial and new
capital, and the years of interest accu-
mulation without withdrawals.

If you wish to test new assumptions,
simply enter yes when asked by the pro-
gram if you wish to do so.

2) Saving Plan for Children's

Education

Say upon the birth of a child, you put
$500 aside as the start of an educational
savings plan. Say you add an additional
$500 per year for the next 5 years, and
then let the money collect interest until
the child is 18. Suppose the child, as a
university student, will need to with-
draw the money at a rate of $250 per
month to help cover educational costs
(presumably in addition to other sources
of income.)

Upon prompting, enter 500 as the ini-
tial capital, and yes, there will be years
of new capital being introduced. Enter 5
to answer how many years, and, upon
prompting, enter 2 as the year and 500
as the amount and so on, up to and
including year 6. If you wish to make a
conservative estimate of interest rates,
answer no, you do not wish to vary
them. “Nest Egg” will then ask you
what constant interest rate you wish to
use for all years. Say you enter 5. Enter
yes when asked if the capital will be left
alone to collect interest, and enter 18 as
the number of years, when prompted.

Since you have determined to with-
draw money at a constant rate, answer
no to the question of varying the with-
drawal rate. When the program asks you
for a constant withdrawal rate, enter
250.

Upon the 1st entry, the program will
assemble and then display a summary of
your inputs. They should look like this:

Because the most simple option was
selected, there is also enough room on
the screen for the first 3 years of calcula-
tions. Press CONT and ENTER.

Oops! With these assumptions, if the
student begins to withdraw money at the
start of year 19, he will run out after a
little more than 2 years. If you intend

the Nest Egg to last for, say, a three year
university course, then you will have to
change some of your inputs, such as the
amount of initial capital or the amount
of capital additions.

3) Perpetual Charitable Bequests

Suppose your goal is to make your
name live forever by making charitable
donations to your favorite cause in
perpetuity, based on an initial amount of
money that you will bequeath to a trust
fund. In order for the donations to be
made forever, the annual donations and
expenses (or withdrawals) must not ex-
ceed the annual income (or interest in
this case). Therefore, if you know how
much interest will be generated in any
year, you automatically know the maxi-
mum withdrawal rate for that year.

First, you must estimate the original
size of the endowment to the trust fund.
Say you intend to bequeath $10,000.
When prompted for the initial capital,
you would enter 10000. Since you will
no longer be around after the initial
donation, you answer no to the question
of adding more capital in later years.
Presumably, you would be doing this es-
tate planning for some future time, sev-
eral years away. Consequently, you
could not possibly make accurate in-
terest rate projections. Therefore, you
would probably use a historically av-
erage interest of, say, 3%. You would
enter no when asked if you wish to vary
the interest rate, and 3 when asked for
the constant rate.

Since the purpose of the program in
this example is to estimate income, you
will not be making withdrawal calcula-
tions. Therefore, there is no point to us-
ing the option of leaving the capital
alone to collect interest, without with-
drawals. You would enter no when
prompted about using this option.

Again, since you will be making no
withdrawals, you would enter no, when
asked if you would like to vary the with-
drawal rate, and enter O when asked
what constant withdrawal rate you wish
to use.

The program will then summarize
your inputs, do the calculations, and
print the results. But be careful: since
there are no withdrawals in the calcula-
tions, the calculations would continue
until you run out of memory.

From the figures presented, you will
be able to determine the income in any
year by subtracting the capital left in the
year in question, from the capital left in
the following year. This income equals
the maximum amount that could be
given away during that year minus ex-

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

penses. For example the capital left after
year 10 is $13,434, and after year 11 is
$13,837. Therefore, during year 10, you
could begin perpetual withdrawals of
$13,837-$13,434, or $403.

If you began the withdrawals in year
10, the capital would remain a constant
$13,434, because you would be with-
drawing the exact amount of interest
paid.

In this way, “Nest Egg” can be used
to determine how long you would have
to let the capital collect interest before
disbursements of a given size were made
from the trust fund.

Teaching Value Of The Program

Although “Nest Egg” is flexible and
directly applicable to several different
situations, its true value is what it can
teach about programming the Sinclair to
solve everyday problems. The main
points to be learned are summarized
below.

Use of GOTO and GOSUB for

Calculations

In spite of a potential 250 different
combinations of variables in the pro-
gram, there is only one formula line:
1240. This approach is possible because
in principle, “Nest Egg” does only one
set of tasks: it calculates the result of

adding income and subtracting with-
drawals.

The complication is that there are sev-
eral definitions of both income and
withdrawals. For example, there is only
one interest variable in the formula (Q),
but there are potentially 5 different in-
terest rates, or 5 definitions of Q.

In order for the correct definitions of
the variable to be selected (e.g., the cor-
rect interest rate), it is necessary to
initialize 26 variables (lines 2 to 27), use
three GOSUBs (lines 1180, 1210, and
1220), use three lines to interchange
variables under specified conditions
(lines 1190, 1200, and 1230) as well as
use a conditional loop (line 1270).

Initializing the variables is required
because all variables must be present in
the program even if they are not used in
the calculations. If a variable has not
been initialized by the program or input
by the user when running the program,
the computer will print an error message
and end the running of the program.

The three GOSUBs set the conditions
for changing the value of the variables in
the formula line. For example, Q in line
1240 represents the interest rate.
GOSUB 3000 changes Q to F, G, H, and
I, depending on the year number, and
thus introduces varying interest rates

into the single line formula. These three
GOSUBs are supported by lines 1190,
1200, and 1230 which change the for-
mula variables under conditions not cov-
ered by the GOSUBs.

Changing Year Values

The “Nest Egg” faces a problem in
telling the computer what year it is from
the point of view of each variable. For
example, you chose varying interest
rates, 3 years of capital accumulation,
and varying withdrawal rates. Year 6 of
the program would be year 6 for interest
rates, year 3 for withdrawals and no year
at all for interest accumulations without
withdrawals.

The problem is to make each year
equal to the actual year of the calcula-
tions. In this example, the formula must
use the first year of withdrawals in year
number 4 (i.e., after 3 years of interest
accumulation without withdrawals).
Thus, the computer must be made to see
withdrawal year number 1 as year num-
ber 4.

This problem was resolved by three
methods. In the above example, GOSUB
3500 defines the year as the year of the
withdrawal plus the total years of in-
terest accumulation without withdraw-
als. Thus in the above example, the year
number would be 1 (of withdrawals) +3

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BASE SYSTEM: Metal cabinet e Motherboard with buffered expansion bus
(4 ports expandable to 6) e Keyboard buffers and logic to allow speed
typing, repeat and user defined keys e Inside connectors for plugging the
TS 1000 printed board, the TS 16K memory and up to three commercially
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the expansion bus and the 51/4” floppy disk drive e Reset and on/off
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CP/M® is a registered trade mark of Digital Reserch Inc.

January/February 1984 © SYNC

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City:

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— Arlington, Virginia 22207

(of interest accummulation), or year
number 4. This approach was used be-
cause of the possibility of expressing the
relationship between these variables
mathematically.

A second method was used for the
years of capital additions because nc
mathematical relationship is possible
since any 5 years could be selected with
this option. Each of the 5 years was as-
signed a separate variable value. When
the actual year value equals this specific
variable value, then the computer seeks
the related new capital to add to the
existing capital. This process is carried
out in GOSUB 2500.

A third method was used for years of
interest accumulation without with-
drawals, because this option posed yet
another problem. The years of this vari-
able are the same as the years of calcula-
tions, except that at a predetermined
point, the years of interest accumulation
cease. Thus, line 1200 removes any ref-
erence to this option once the related
calculations have been completed. It
does so by making the formula with-
drawal variable (E) equal to 0, only if it
is a year of interest accumulation with-
out withdrawals.

User Friendly

“Nest Egg” is user friendly to the
point that separate documentation is not

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“Nest Egg” takes the user step by step
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The results of the calculations are dis-
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inputs and the words “yes” and “no”.
This user friendliness, however, is mem-
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Modifications To Expand The Program
You can modify the program to in-
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circumstances posed by the user.
The most obvious change is to in-
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aa ERE Gp p=: SEE BEES) EE ES SE ESE ass üE (0 EG Pa SSS BS EE Sasa: ep
CIRCLE 45 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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You can change the program by increasing the number of
choices in years of capital additions, in interest rates, and

in withdrawal rates.

three variables of 1) new years of capital
additions by continuing the WA and XA
series of variables beyond the existing 5
to the number desired; 2) varying in-
terest rates, by adding more interest
rates, or by changing the number of
years during which the rates pertain;
and 3) varying withdrawal rates, by add-
ing more rates, or by changing the num-
ber of years during which the rates
pertain.

Such changes would require further
changes in the subroutines that govern
access to the formula line. The latter two
changes are not recommended because
the degree of accuracy in predicting fu-
ture interest rates or financial needs, is
not sufficient to justify rewriting the pro-
gram or to ask the user for additional
inputs.

The first possible expansion could: be
handled a better way. The more years
that are allowed for new capital addi-
tions, the more the option resembles a
saving feature. So why not add one?

A saving option could be modelled
partly on the new capital addition lines

and partly on the withdrawal lines. Since
the user will not have both net
withdrawals and net savings in the same
years, the only time that net savings can
occur is before the withdrawals begin. A
similar condition has already been cre-
ated with the option of collecting in-
terest without withdrawals in the first
years of the calculations.

The task, then, would be to 1) ask for
the year numbers and the monthly sav-
ings rates (this input could be user-
proofed by having the program reject
years that exceeded the last year of in-
terest accumulation without withdraw-
als), 2) assign variable numbers in a
similar way to new capital additions in-
puts, 3) add the savings to the formula
calculations in a similar way to the selec-
tion of varying withdrawal rates, 4) have
a subroutine to change the value of E in
the formula to a minus saving rate (E.g.,
if the savings rate were $200 per month,
the subroutine would change E to -200
giving the expression -12*-200, or
+2400. In this way, the formula vari-
able intended to represent a withdrawal,

in fact becomes a savings.)

This latter approach can be used to
modify the original intent of “Nest Egg”
without necessarily changing the actual
programming. If fewer than 5 years of
new capital addition are used, the
remaining number of years can be used
to add monthly savings. For example, if
you have no years of new capital lump
sums, but have 5 years of monthly sav-
ings, simply multiply the monthly sav-
ings by 12 to obtain an annual rate, and
enter the data as if it represented lump
sum capital additions.

Again if you do not use all 5 years for
capital additions, you can use the
remaining years for lump sum with-
drawals. For example, you can introduce
the purchase of a new car into the
calculations (say in year number 8) by
selecting the new capital additions op-
tion, and then entering 8 (the year num-
ber) and -9000 (the car cost). The minus
sign in front of the car price will require
the program to treat the entry as a with-
drawal, in spite the options original in-
tent of making additions.

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A Ë

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OTTER
Please send me “Jotters” @ $5.50
penta = aa asa Please add $2.OO Carriage. Ë
° | — s Please send me Films” @ $3.50
Numbered ¡== Í i
PRINT Grid. ===" Name
TS Keyboard. — — n uA" Tr—IA—U c— Ñ.
100 Sheets.

Program notes space Addre i

e eee Poe Code

CIRCLE 8 ON READER SERVICE CARD
January/February 1984 © SYNC 47

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T
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capi

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Tt. Wt In ao .a H Zt) 0 bh Ta = E...

amount (XA to XE). After each year's

(WA to WE) related to the capital

Line Notes

inpu

January/February 1984 © SYNC

BASIC Basics for the
Timer Sinciair 1500

50 1K/2K Ga
tor

mes

Timex Sincisir 1500

—

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TIMEX SINCLAIR is a registered trademark of TIMEX Corp.

CIRCLE 42 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ZX-81 is aregistered trademark of Sinclair Research LTD

comparing variable W (number of years
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550-690: Make decision on varying in-
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710-760: Make decision on accu-
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780-930: Make decision on varying
the withdrawal rates; input the rates.

950-1130: Display a summary of the
options and inputs. Note that the print-
ing of any line is governed by a con-

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ditional statement which defines
whether user has selected the related op-
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only if the variable F is greater than O.
Since F is the first of the four varying in-
terest rates, it must be greater than O
only if the user selected the option of
varying the rates. If the user selected the
constant rate, these lines would not be
printed.

1180-1230: Introduce the subroutines
and conditional statements for selecting
the correct variables for inclusion in the

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50 CIRCLE 59 ON READER SERVICE CARD

calculation formula.

1240: The formula line: A = capital;
Q/100 = interest rate, and 12*E = 12
times the monthly withdrawal rate. The
subroutines and conditional statements
substitute variables within the formula,
but do not change the formula itself.
Variable A is changed by subroutine
2500; Q by 3000 and the conditional
statement in 1230; E by 3500 and the
conditional statements in 1190 and 1200.

1250-1270: Print the results of the
calculations; return the program to 1180
to calculate the next year; the process
continues until the capital is exhausted;
i.e., until A is no longer greater than O.

1500-1520: Input the constant interest
rate; program goes to the line following
the last varying interest rate line.

2000-2020: Input constant withdrawal
rate; program goes to line following the
last varying withdrawal rate line.

2500-2560: Select amounts of new
capital to be added to the initial capital
depending on the year number; change
the value of the related variable A in for-
mula line 1240.

OOOD A CA

3000-3540: Select any of four with-
drawal rates depending on the year num-
ber and the number of years (J) allowed
for interest to accumulate without
withdrawals. Thus LET Y = J + 1
means, in effect, that, if the year of the
calculation equals the number of years
without withdrawals plus 1, you should
use the withdrawal rate applicable in
year 1. This process changes the value of
the related variable E in line 1240. "g
A copy of “Nest Egg” is available on cas-
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January/February 1984 © SYNC

Split and Save Harold Miller

Would you like to freeze the upper
part of your display screen? With “Split
‘n Save” you can! While the information
in the lower portion is appearing and
disappearing, any text or graphics in the
upper portion remain on view.

For a demonstration of “Split ’n
Save,” enter and RUN the program in
Listing 1.

The heart of this program is the sub-
routine beginning at line 900, which
adds as many enter codes to the end of
the last frozen display line as there are
lines being frozen. This tricks the com-
puter into thinking that display line 0 is
loaded immediately below the frozen
zone, rather than at the top of the
screen. Now CLS, PRINT AT, PLOT
and UNPLOT will act accordingly! For
example, make this alteration and see
what happens:

110 PRINT “THIS”

To add “Split 'n Save” to your pro-
gram, insert the following lines:

DIM AS(N)

N is the number of frozen display lines.

PRINT AT N,O; A$
This reserves N spaces in the last frozen
display line. If your program is PRINT-
ing on this line, you can add A$ to it.
(See line 90 in Listing 1.) In any case,
the total number of display characters
must not exceed 32 (including the N
spaces).

GOUSUB 900
This turns on the “Split ’n Save” feature.
Place it immediately after the program
line in step (2).

GOSUB 1000
This turns off the “Split ’n Save”
feature.

Also, place both subroutines at the
end of your program.

“Split 'n Save” has one peculiarity:
display line O is not at the top of the
screen, so lines 22 and 23, which contain

Harold Miller, Rt. 2, Box 2330, Clayton, GA

30525.
January/February 1984 ° SYNC

any report, INPUT symbol or INPUT
Data, are not visible.

Line Notes

40: Clears screen before freezing.

50: Creates N spaces.

60: Loop prints in frozen zone only.

90: Adds N spaces to end of last fro-
zen line.

100: “Split ’n Save” on.

110-210: Display function will not af-
fect frozen zone.

230: “Split ’n Save“ off.

240: Clears entire screen.

900: Location in DFILE of the first of
the N spaces

910: Loop replaces each space with
ENTER.

1000: Must clear lower part of screen
before turning off “Split ’n Save.”

1010: Loop to reset each of the N ex-
tra ENTERs to zero.

Listing 1. Split 'n Save Demonstration.

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[TI rri Im i

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CIRCLE 51 ON READER SERVICE CARD
51

Chaining Programs

Harold Miller

The Problem

From time to time we have two pro-
grams or more that we want to combine—
perhaps a main program and a subroutine.
Obviously, this can be done if they are
both typed in from scratch.

However, what do we do when one
program is on the computer and one is on
tape or when both are on tape? If we
attempt to LOAD a program from tape
into the computer when it already has a
program resident, we find that it will erase

the first program. We could type in the
second program, but we certainly would
like to avoid that much work. Some com-
puters have a MERGE command to ac-
complish this, but the 8K ROM does not
include a MERGE command.

The ZX/TS Solution

On the ZX/TS computers, however,
we do have an option: we can “chain” the
programs by the method developed in
this article so that a program on tape can
be LOADed in the computer when a
program is already in RAM.

The method in outline is: 1) Protect
the resident program from erasure by
POKEing a copy of it above RAMTOP.
This area of memory, once created, is
unaffected by LOAD, SAVE, and NEW.
2) Now LOAD the other program from
the tape in the normal manner. 3) POKE
the original program into the program
area immediately above the LOADed pro-
gram. Now you have access to both pro-
grams which can be RUN, SAVEd and
EDITed.

Now let’s apply the method. Suppose
we have two programs, A and B, which
we want to chain together, with B fol-
lowing A. We will illustrate the process
for the TS1000 with the Sample Programs
A and B below.

Harold Miller, Rt. 2, Box 2330, Clayton, GA
30525.

WWhen one program is on the computer and one
is on tape, we need a MERGE command, but
the 8K ROM does not have it.

Steps in Chaining.
The following steps will enable you to
chain A and B.

Step 1: Check the line numbers.
Before chaining, you must be sure that
none of the line numbers in Program B
are used in Program A because a line
already on the computer with a given line
number is replaced by a new line entered
with the same number. If you plan ahead
and assign relatively high numbers in Pro-
gram B, you can avoid having to renum-
ber the lines in Program A. You may
want to use a line renumber utility to save
editing the line numbers.
Step 2: LOAD (or ENTER) Program B.
We must modify Program B so that
whenever it is LOADed, a copy is auto-
matically placed (POKEd) into a pro-
tected region of memory, i.e., above
RAMTOP, so that it will not be cleared
when Program A is entered or LOADed.
This is done through steps 3-6 below, but,
when it has been done once, it never has
to be repeated.
Sample Program B
1000 PRINT 1
1010 PRINT 2
1020 PRINT 3
1030 LET A=4
Step 3: Determine the program size.
Since the program area begins at 16509
and ends at D-FILE-1 (see the chapter on
the organization of memory in your
manual), you can determine size by typing
in the immediate mode (without a line
number):
PRINT PEEK 16396+256*PEEK 16397-
16509

This yields the number of bytes in the
program. Let us call this number n. Note:
All italicized letters in lines and listings
below must be replaced by their appro-
priate values prior to execution. For
Sample Program B, n = 54.

Step 4: Calculate the new RAMTOP.

Begin with the RAMTOP value for
your system: 1K = 17408; 2K = 18432;
16K = 32768. Subtract n. Let’s call the
answer r. If you have 64K, omit this
calculation and use r = 8192. For Sample
Program B, r = 18378.

Step 5: Modify Program B.

To Program B add, with the appro-
priate line numbers, the following:

STOP
FOR I=0 TO n-/ (line y)
POKE (r+1),PEEK (16509+ I)
NEXT I
STOP
Replace n-/ in line y and r with the appro-
priate values. For Sample Program B, this
would give:
2000 STOP
2010 FOR I=0 TO 53
2020 POKE (18378+1),PEEK (16509+1)
2030 NEXT I
2040 STOP

Step 6: SAVE Program B.

Save this program, e.g., SAVE “BB”.

Step 7: Adjust RAMTOP.

Move RAMTOP down n bytes by the
following steps. (If you have 64K, omit
this step.)

a) After replacing n with the appro-
priate value and carrying out the calcu-
lations, enter the following line in the
immediate mode:

POKE 16388,256*(1+INT (n/256))-n

January/February 1984 © SYNC

—

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—__ — L O. ——T

THE ZX
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An Interview with Terrel S. Kareem, President
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CIRCLE 47 ON READER SERVICE CARD

For Sample Program B, this gives:
POKE 16388,202

b) After replacing n and z with the
appropriate values (z = 67 for 1K, 71 for
2K, 127 for 16K) and carrying out the
calculations, enter this line in the im-
mediate mode:

POKE 16389,z-INT (n/256)
For Sample Program B, this gives:
POKE 16389,71

c) Press NEW and ENTER. While this
erases whatever was in memory, it also
moves RAMTOP down n bytes.

Step 8: Put Program B
RAMTOP.

LOAD and RUN the routine at line y in
the modified version of Program B, e.g.,
LOAD “BB” and RUN 2010. A copy of
Program B is now above RAMTOP and
cannot be erased by subsequent LOADs,
SAVEs, or NEWs.

Step 9: LOAD Program A.

LOAD Program A from tape (if you
are entering Program A, hit NEW and
ENTER to get rid of Program B).

Sample Program A
100 PRINT “A”
200 PRINT “B”
300 PRINT “C”
400 LET B=4
Step 10: Determine the size of Program

above

A.
Determine the number of bytes in Pro-

[HAVING LOADING]
PROBLEMS?

gram A just as you did with Program B in
Step 3 above. Let's call this number m.
For Sample Program A, m = 42.

Step 11: Adjust Program A.

Add the following short routine to Pro-
gram A, replacing n-1, m, and r by their
appropriate values and adding the appro-
priate line numbers:

STOP

FOR I=0 TO n-/ (line z)

POKE (16590+m+I),PEEK (r+1I)

NEXT I

STOP

REM (type in n-6 A’s)
This REM line sets aside a total of n bytes
for Program B to fit into. The value 16590
assumes that n is two digits, i.e., n is
between 10 and 99. For each additional
digit in n add 1 to 16590. If you expect to
chain these two programs again, SAVE
this modified version of Program A, e.g.,
SAVE “AA”. For Sample Program A the
lines would be
500 STOP
550 FOR I=0 TO 53
600 POKE (16632+1),PEEK (18738+1)
650 NEXT I
700 STOP
800 REM (type in 48 A’s)

If your Program B is very large, you
might want to use the technique discussed
by Jasper Kump (SYNC 3:2, p. 60) to
reduce the drudgery.

CUSTOM-DESIGNED y,
relay mit OVERLAY y

Step 12: Execute the chaining routine.
Type in
GOTO line z
This replaces the REM line in Program A
with Program B. In our example this
would be
GOTO 550

Step 13: Delete the separating lines.

Delete the remaining lines that separate
Programs A and B. In our example, delete
lines 500, 550, 600, 650, 700.

Step 14: Restoring
(Optional).

If you are short on memory and no
longer need the copy of Program B above
RAMTOP, SAVE your chained program,
and return RAMTOP to its original lo-
cation by unplugging the computer. Then
turn on the computer and LOAD the
chained program again.

RAMTOP

Conclusion

This process can be extended to chain
as many programs as RAM space permits.
Also, since the modified versions of the
programs have been SAVEd, chaining A
and B on subsequent occasions is greatly
simplified:

1) Reserve n bytes above RAMTOP.

2) LOAD “BB”

3) LOAD “AA”

4) GOTO z

5) Delete the 5 unwanted lines. a”

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NO EYE STRAINS

All original key words and functions are see
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to protect from un-necessary eye strains. It
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with added Efficiency.

PEEL AND STICK

It fits snugly over your existing keyboard
with no soldering and difficult wirings —
hence, no mess. You simply peel and stick.
And it’s ready to accept you as its Master
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PROS AND CONS

To be honest with you, it won't give you
exactly the kind of convenience and speed
of a professional typewriter style keyboard.
But then, for so little it costs, it’s second to
none. In fact, it's just a perfect match for
your Lovable computer.

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To order your custom-designed CONTACT
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Bit by Bit Harry Doakes

al bg

10100101

The computer sees every number as a string of
just 8 bits; it can look at and change just one
bit by TEST, SET, and RESET.

When we use numbers in a computer,
we usually think about them as whole
numbers. Generally we do not think of
them as bytes, and we certainly do not
think about the fact that everything in
the computer is ultimately a bunch of
bits.

This time we will take a look at bits —the

smallest pieces of information a computer `

can handle—and how the Z80 processor
in your ZX/TS computer can manipulate
them. You may never need most of these
Instructions, but it is a good idea to know
something about them anyway. Then we
will do something very different —we will
look at how to use the Zilog Z80 CPU
Programmer s Reference Guide.

Bit Wise

What is a bit?

Bit is one of the oldest pieces of com-
puter jargon. It is short for “binary digit”
—just the first and last letters, pushed
together. A digit is one of the numerals
that make up a number. The value of a
number depends on what the digits are,
and what position each digit is in. Binary
means the number is in base 2. In base
10—the decimal counting system we norm-
ally use—we have 10 different digits: 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In base 2, we have
only 2 different digits: 0 and 1. Thus, the
first few numbers in binary look like this:
1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, and 1000.

We already know that a regular Z80
register or a single byte of memory can
hold a number from 0 to 255 decimal. In

Harry Doakes, PO Box 10860, Chicago, IL 60610.

base 2, that is between 0 and 11111111.
Notice that the number 11111111 is 8
binary digits long. The Z80 is called an 8-
bit processor because the largest value its
regular registers can hold is 8 bits long.

Your manual has a chapter on counting
in both binary and hexadecimal, and why
these number systems are important to
understand when you are programming a
computer.

One Bit at a Time

Up until now we have mainly dealt with
numbers in the computer the way we see
them, i.e., as whole numbers.

But the computer sees numbers dif-
ferently. Every number stored in the com-
puter—in ROM, RAM, or a register—is
just 8 bits to the computer. Think about
that a moment. It is important. Since the
computer sees each number just as a string
of bits, there is no reason it cannot look
at, or even change, just one bit of a number,
leaving the other 7 bits alone.

In fact, the Z80 processor does so by
using the instructions test, set, and reset.

TEST
The test instruction, BIT, tests one bit.
For example, suppose that register A con-
tains the number 45d. It would look like
this:
binary: 00101101
bit number: 76543210
The 8 bits are numbered 0 to 7; bit 7 is on
the far left, with bit O on the far right.
Now suppose your machine code pro-
gram uses the instruction
BIT 4,4

This means “test bit 4 of register A.” Bit
4 is the fifth bit from the right; remember,
the first bit is called “bit 0”. As you can
see, there is a zero in bit 4. Consequently,
the zero flag of the Z80 will go up.

On the other hand, suppose you use
the instruction

BIT 3,A
Bit 3 is not 0, but 1. So the zero flag
would come down.

You can use the BIT instruction with
jump instructions such as JP Z or JR Z to
make your program do different things
depending on whether a bit isa 0 ora 1.
For example,

BIT 4,A
JR Z,branch
would be something like this in Basic:

IF (BIT 4 OF A)=0 THEN GOTO 240
Of course, you cannot say that in Basic
since there is no “BIT” function. But you
can do it in machine code.

SET
You can also force a particular bit of a
particular register to become either 1 or
0. The set instruction, SET, will set the
bit to 1; the reset instruction, RES, resets
it to O. For example, suppose register A is
45d. In binary it looks like this:
00101101
Now, if you used the instruction
SET 7,A
register A would have a value of
10101101
or 173d. The difference is that bit 7, on
the far left side, has been set to 1.
Then if you used the instruction
RES 3,A
register A would look like this:
10100101
Bit 3 has now become a zero, and register
A has a value of 165d.
Get the idea? SET makes sure that the
bit is 1; RES makes sure that the bit is 0.
That will not always change the value of

January/February 1984 © SYNC

a e ae el OR ee A O ga ee ie + 3

the number; if you try to set a bit that is
already 1, or reset a bit that is already 0,
nothing will happen. However, if you do
a SET or RES, you will know for sure
what the bit will be.

What good is knowing that? Well, some-
times it is critical that a certain bit be 0 or
1. For example, when you use the ROM
subroutine CALL 16, the character whose
value is in register A will be printed on
the screen. However, that must be a num-
ber between 0 and 63 or 128 and 191 (the
only exception is the ENTER code, 118).
These numbers all have one thing in com-
mon: bit 6 is always zero. If bit 6 is 1, the
system will crash. To keep that from
happening, you could use the instruction

RES 6,A
before you

CALL 16
Then you would know for sure that bit 6
is zero and that the CALL will not crash
the system.

BIT, SET, and RES can be used with
any bit of any of the regular-size registers:
A, B, C, D, E, H, or L. As usual, you can
also use register pair HL as a pointer toa
byte in memory with these instructions.

Shifting Gears

You can also move bits in a register.
That should not be a surprise. After all,
to the Z80, a number is just a line of bits.
You can shift them down through a register
in one direction or the other with a shift
instruction. Or, if you like, you can run
the bits around in a circle with a rotate
instruction.

We have already encountered the shift
instruction in dividing and multiplying by
2. A shift left instruction (SLA) moves all
the bits to the left one position. For ex-
ample, suppose that register C holds 203.
In binary it looks like this:

11001011
After a “shift register C left” instruction
(SLA C) it would look like this:

10010110

Notice that all the bits moved one po-
sition to the left, and a zero was added on
the far right side at bit 0. The original bit
7, on the far left side, seems to have
disappeared. But it is not really gone. In
case you need that bit, the carry flag
keeps track of it. If the bit was 1, the
carry flag goes up; if the flag was 0, the
carry flag goes down. The process looks
something like this:

carry flag —— register —— 0

In short, a zero is pushed in on the
right side, and the left bit drops into the
carry flag. If the number is less than 128,
this instruction has the effect of multiplying
it by 2.

There are two “shift right” instructions
that can be used to divide a number by 2.
The first is the “shift right logical” (SRL).
It pushes a zero in on the far left at bit 7;
bit 0, on the right, drops into the carry

January/February 1984 © SYNC

flag, like this:
0 — register — carry flag

There is also a “shift right arithmetic”
instruction (SRA). This one works a bit
differently: instead of pushing a zero into
bit 7, it just leaves it alone. However, it
also shifts everything down, and bit 0
once again drops into the carry flag. This
instruction is used because sometimes bit
7 is used as a “sign” bit. When that is the
case, it is important that bit 7 stay the
same when the number is shifted:

RES — carry flag

The Circle Game

Now comes the interesting part: getting
the registers of the Z80 to go around in
circles. You can do this with one of the
four “rotate” instructions.

“Rotate left” (RL) works like this:

1) The carry flag is pushed into the
right side of the register at bit 0.

2) Everything moves over one bit.

3) Bit 7 drops into the carry flag.

It looks something like this:
carry flag —— register —— carry flag

“Rotate right” (RR) is just the oppo-
site:
carry flag — register — carry flag

As you can see, the bits actually do go
in a circle. If, e.g., you did nine RR H
instructions in a row, register H would

end up exactly as it had started. But it
does take 9 not 8, rotates, since the circle
includes the carry flag.

You can tighten up the circle by using
the “rotate left circular” (RLC) and “rotate
right circular” (RRC) instructions. These
instructions actually rotate just the eight
bits of the register in a circle. RLC moves
everything to the left, and bit 7 becomes
the new bit 0. RRC moves everything to
the right; bit 0 becomes the new bit 7. In
each case, the bit that gets bumped to the
opposite end is also copied into the carry |
flag. If the bit is 1, the carry flag goes up;
if the bit is 0, the flag comes down.

Perhaps this all sounds interesting, but
pretty useless. Why would anyone want
to run the bits of a register in a circle?

Actually, these instructions are usually
used with register pairs to multiply or
divide by 2. For example, you can divide
a number in register pair BC by 2 with
these instructions:

SRLB
RRC

Here is what happens: the “shift right
logical” instruction shifts all the bits in
register B to the right, dividing it by 2. Bit
0, of course, gets pushed into the carry
flag. But we want that bit to become the
new bit 7 of register C. So the “rotate
right” instruction gets that bit from the
carry flag and pushes it into the left side

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O R A will not change the value in register A,
but it guarantees that the carry

flag is down.

of register C, moving everything else to
the right and dividing it by 2. It looks
something like this:

0 — register B — carry flag
carry flag — register C — carry flag
You can multiply register pair BC by 2

with this set of instructions:
SLA C
RLB
Once again, you can use these in-
structions with any of the regular 8-bit
registers, or by using register pair HLasa
pointer to a byte in memory.

Let's Get Logical

We already know about the ADD and
SUB instructions, which let you add or
subtract a number with what is in register
A. Along with these “arithmetic” in-
structions, there are also three “logical”
instructions: AND, OR, and XOR.

Each of these instructions compares a
number with register A, one bit at a time.
The two values in bit 0 are compared,
and the result goes in bit 0 of register A.
Then the bit 1s are compared, the result
going into bit 1; then the bit 2s are com-

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pared, and so on through bit 7. Exactly
what the result of each comparison is
depends on which logical instruction is
being used.

For example, when AND compares two
bits, the result is 1 only if both bits are 1.
If either bit is 0, the result is 0.

When OR compares two bits, the result
is O only if both bits are 0. If either is 1,
the result is 1.

XOR, sometimes called the “exclusive-
OR,” is a little different. When XOR
compares two bits, if the bits are the
same, the result is 0; if the bits are different,
the result is 1.

A few examples will show how these
operations work.

AND is often used to find out whether
a particular bit is 1 or 0. For example,

AND 00000100

result: 00000100
You can use the AND instruction, then a
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ND 4

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a BIT instruction:
BIT 2,A
JR NZ, branch
AND can also be used to make sure a
particular bit is zero. For example,
register A: 10010010
AND 11111101
result: 10010000
You can usually do the same thing with
an RES instruction.

OR can be used to make sure a particular
bit is 1. For example:

OR 00000100

result: 10010110
Of course, you can get the same result
with a SET instruction.

XOR is really the only one of these
three instructions that does something
unique: it can “flip” a bit. For example,

XOR 10000000

result 1: 00010010

XOR 10000000

result 2: 10010010
Notice how bit 7 has been reset in result
1, then set again in result 2. To do this
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There is one other thing you should
know about the logical instructions: no
matter what the result is, they always
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A a eB A O O em O SS oe a es

need to make sure the carry flag is down,
you can use an instruction such as:

OR A
It will not change the value in register A
(can you figure out why?); it just guarantees
that the carry flag is down.

Flashdance

A few months back, we put together a
program that reversed everything on the
screen. To demonstrate how the XOR
instruction can be used, this time we will
make the screen “flash” by switching what
is on the screen from regular characters
to reversed characters and then back again.
The routine also demonstrates how you
can put a “pause” in your machine code
programs— just as you can in Basic.

The program is in Figure 2. Since it is
such a short, simple routine, there are no
machine code variables. Register C keeps
track of how many times the screen has
been reversed. It starts at 2 and then
drops by 1 each time through. When it
reaches zero, the routine returns to
Basic.

The section from the line labeled “start”
down to “delay” is the routine that reverses
the screen. It checks each byte, beginning
at the start of the display file. If the byte
is a regular character, it is reversed using
the instruction

XOR 128
This “flips” bit 7 of the character. (If bit 7
is a zero, it is a regular character; when
bit 7 is 1, the character is reversed.)

If the character is an ENTER (character
code 118), it is not XORed; instead, register
B is decremented. Register B starts out at
22; after all 22 lines on the screen have
been reversed, register B is 0, and the
reversing routine is finished.

Take a careful look at the section starting
at the line labeled “delay.” This is the
“pause” routine. Here is how it works: 60
times each second the computer sends a
picture to your TV screen, andf, every
time it does, it reduces by one the system
variable called FRAMES. However, the
top bit of this double-sized variable is
always kept as 1, so that FRAMES is
always a number between 32768 and
65535.

At “delay” we put FRAMES in register
pair HL, and put 15 in register pair DE.
Then we subtract DE from HL with the
instructions

OR A

SBC HL,DE
The SBC instruction (SuBtract with Carry)
will subtract DE from HL—but it will also
subtract one more from HL if the carry
flag is up. That can be useful sometimes,
but not here. We use OR A to make sure
the carry flag is down, so we know we will
get the correct answer to HL minus DE.

Next we SET bit 7 of register H. Now
HL holds the same number that FRAMES

will hold once it has sent 15 more pictures.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

RIT 7,A

JR Z,skipl

RES 7,4A

JR skip2
skipi: SET 7,A
Skip’ wex

to the TV screen, i.e., in about 1/4 second.
We move that number to register pair
DE.

Finally, in the section labeled “loop”
the program compares the number in DE

Figure 1.

¿test the bit
Fit £2 4146-0,
Sif it is 1,
sjump to "skip?"
sif itis a
s (next instruction)

jump to "skipi"
make it Q

make it 1

to FRAMES again and again. It keeps
jumping back to “loop” until at last they
are the same; then it goes on to decrement
register C and either reverse the screen
again or return to Basic. You can use the

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INTRODUCTION

This memory board is designed to fill the transparent 8K
block of memory (from 8K to 16K) in a ZX81-16K system. This
area of memory is an ideal place to store, either permanent-
ly or temporarily, machine language routines or data which
are to be used by the BASIC system.

Sample utilities are included with the kit.

The use of HM6116LP 2K CMOS RAM memory IC’s with
their own reserve power supply means that routines stored
in the RAM are nonvolatile — the RAM retains its memory
even when the ZX81 is switched off or reset. Moreover, be-
ing RAM, the routines you store in the memory are easily
modified. The lithium cell supplied with the board will main-
tain sufficient reserve power for almost ten years.

(Z-WEST June 83)

ASSEMBLY

Complete step-by-step instructions in a 20 page manual
make assembly of the board easy. The kit (pictured above) is
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INTERFACE
THE
TIMEX-SINCLAIR

To Control
External Devices
Teach Interfacing Skills
Demonstrate Science
Principles

The low-cost FD-ZX1 I/O board
turns the Timex-Sinclair micro-
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Figure 2.

OE 02 LD: y ¡reverse screen twice
06 16 START: LD H,22 sz lines
ZA OC 40 LD HL, (D-FILE)> ¡start of display file
eE TOPS CIMAS ¿next character
7E LD A, (HL) «get it
FE ZS CP 118 sis it an ENTER?
28 09 JR Z,line sif so, skip ahead
EE 80 XOR 128 ¡reverse character
rgy LD (HL). ñ ¡replace the character
18 FŠ JR top ¿do it again
OS LINES. DEG=:3 ¿next line
20 F2 JR NZ, top sif less than 2Z lines
2A 34 40 DELAY: LD HL, (FRAMES) ¿current FRAMES
ii OF OQ CD DE, 15 pause time
E7 XOR A reset carry flag
ED 32 SBC AL DE s HL=HL-DE
Ch FC SET 75H sto match FRAMES
54 LD D.H : DE=HL
aD LD Ek
ZA 34 40 LOOF: LD HL, (FRAMES) check till they match
B7 XOR A
ED 52 SE. Huy DE
SO FS JR NZ, loop
OD DEC- C ¿finished reversing?
29 DS JR NZ, start sif not, jump
EY FET sotherwise, return
Figure 3. Figure 4.
First, RUN this program to reserve high memory. 10 LIST
The “flasher” program takes 46 bytes. 70 LET START=FEEK 16386+256*eFE
EE 16389
10 FRINT "HOW MANY BYTES?" a A ale SP
20 INPUT A SO LET A=USR START
SO LET RT=FEEK 16 388+256*REER
16389 Otherwise, you will not be able to see the
40 LET RT=RT-A screen flash.
SO LET H=INT (RT/256)

60 LET L=RT-256%*H
7O POKE 16388,L
80 PORE 16389,H
90 NEW

Then enter and RUN this program to load the
“flasher” routine into high RAM:

1 REM SF O2O061462A0C40237EF E762
805E£E807718F503920F2243440110FOOE
TEDS2CRFCS45D243440B7EDS220F80DZ
ODSC9

10 LET RSTART=16514

20 LET START=FPEEK 162388+2564FE
EK 16389

70 LET A=0

40 LET H=FEEE (RSTART+2*A) -28

50 IF HO OR H>15 THEN STOP

60 LET L=FEEE (RSTART+2 *464+1)-2

70 IF L20 tupa THEN STOP
30 LET N=16*H+L

90 FOKE START+A,N

100 LET A=A+1

110 GOTO 40

“pause” routine with any machine code
program. Depending on what value you
load into DE, your program can pause as
little as 1/60 of a second or as long as 9
minutes. Since machine code works so
fast, sometimes that is a very good thing
to have.

Use the Basic programs in Figure 3 to
load the “flasher” routine into high memory,
then try it out with a short program such
as in Figure 4. It will work in as little as
1K RAM, but it does need the 8K ROM.

The Guided Tour

By now, if you have been following this
series of articles, you know something
about most of the instructions of the Z80
microprocessor. We have covered such
things as registers and flags, loading and
jumping, calls and compares. And until
now, I have explained what each machine
code instruction does and how it works as
we encountered it.

Now that you have a good grasp of
what machine code is, it is time to take
the next step: to explore the instructions
of the Z80 in detail. We will do that with
a little book that is packed with all sorts
of technical information: The Z80 CPU
Programmer's Reference Guide. You can
get a free copy of the book from Zilog,
the company that designed the Z80, by
writing to Zilog, 1315 Dell Avenue, Camp-
bell, CA 95008. Be sure to mark your
letter “Attn: Tech Publications” and ask
for the guide by its full name.

The guide is filled with charts, diagrams,
and explanations, and—as we will see—a
few surprises as well.

More Registers?

The surprises start on page 2 of the
guide, with a diagram of the registers of
the Z80. Some of the registers look familiar.
In the “main register set” we can spot A,
B, C, D, E, H, and L, along with the flags

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

a E ES a e ee S S ae er a ie eA ey e MIO

register, register F. But you will notice
that, right next to that diagram, there is
another set of registers that looks just like
the first one—the “alternate register set.”

These registers are just exactly like the
first set. This is a “spare” set. Like a spare
tire, it can come in handy for a program-
mer, though usually you can get by without
it. When your program uses the “exchange
registers” instruction,

EXX
it is as if you have jacked up your Z80
processor, taken off registers B, C, D, E,
H, and L, and put on the spare registers.
To get the original registers back, you
just use another EXX instruction.

But it is not a good idea to use these
spare registers in your machine code pro-
grams. The Basic interpreter program in
your computer uses some of these registers
to keep track of what is going on in Basic.
Using the spare registers may crash the
computer or make your Basic programs
act very strangely.

You can also exchange register A and
the flags register with their spares. That
happens if you use the “exchange registers
A and F” instruction,

EX AF,AF
—but do not do it!

Why not? Because the Timex and Sin-
clair computers use the alternate register
A for putting things on your TV screen.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

Sixty times every second when you are in
“slow” mode, your ZX81 or TS1000 stops
what it is doing and goes to work sending
information to the TV. The TV will not
wait, so the computer does not have time
to check on register A, or do any other
kinds of “housekeeping.”

Do not use the alternate registers, or
the special-purpose registers I, R, IX, or
IY, for any machine code routines on the
Sinclair and Timex computers. If you do,
you will probably crash the system. That
is right—you should not use any of the
new registers on page 2. That is why we
have not looked at them before. For pro-
gramming on the ZX80, ZX81, and TS1000,
they might as well not exist.

Hot Off the Grid

On pages 4 and 5 you will see some
familiar information in a new form. Page
4 contains a grid for instructions in the
“8-bit Load Group.” That means they are
load instructions that move numbers be-
tween regular-sized registers or single bytes
of memory. (Remember, the Z80 is called
an 8-bit processor because its regular
registers handle 8 bits at a time.)

You can use the grid to translate an
instruction into the numerical code that
the Z80 processor understands. Along the
top side of the “8-Bit Load Group” grid
are the names of “sources”—the registers

CIRCLE 54 ON READER SERVICE CARD

and places in memory that a number can
come from. Down the left side are the
possible “destinations” — places a number
can go. To use the grid, you simply choose
a load instruction—a source and a desti-
nation. Then find the place where the
column of the source and the row of the
destination meet. That is where you will
find the hexadecimal number that matches
your instruction.

For example, let’s try the instruction

LD A,B
This loads the value in register B into
register A. Register B is the source; register
A is the destination. Follow the “B” column
down and the “A” column across, and
you will see that they meet at the number
78 (78 is in hex, or base 16.)

Now turn to the “Character Set” ap-
pendix in the back of your ZX81 or TS1000
manual. Look down the column headed
“Hex” until you find the number 78. You
will find that 78h corresponds to 120d—and,
just as expected, it also corresponds to
the machine code instruction LD A,B.

The appendix and the grid both contain
the same information. The appendix is
organized with the instructions in numerical
order; the guide, according to what each
instruction does. Each is handy to have,
though most people find it easier to use
the grid for translating instructions into
the numerical codes.

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Partial Pascal

Bring Tape Under Control

Partial Pascal makes tape easier and
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When a buffer is full (or when your pro-
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more data from your program.

Any Partial Pascal program can read
data written to tape by the editor or any
other Partial Pascal program. When your
program has to read data from a tape file,
Partial Pascal asks you for the name you
gave the data when it was recorded. Par-
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Partial Pascal is not fussy at all about
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Try using the grid to find the numerical
codes (in hexadecimal) for these in-
structions.

LD C,(HL) 4E
LD E,4 1E 04
LD (18418),A 32 F2 47

You will notice that the grid only gives
you the first part of the instruction. As
usual, you still have to translate the rest
of the instruction into the appropriate
numbers, whether decimal or hexadecimal,
for the second or third byte of the in-
struction.

Everything You Ever Wanted
to Know About...

Page 5 has, in compact form, a tre-
mendous amount of information about
each 8-bit load instruction.

For example, the first line tells us all
about loading information from one register
into another. (The small “r” means any
one of the regular registers. Look down
at the bottom of the page under “Notes”
and you will find a note that tells you just
that.)

What does it say about the instruction?
First, it shows us exactly what happens
when the Z80 processor performs the
instruction. The arrow shows you where
the number moves—to the first register
(the destination) from the second register
(the source). This simple system for indi-
cating what happens can be very useful,
especially if you are exploring an instruction
that you have never used before.

Next, it shows what happens to the
flags when the Z80 performs the instruction.
Some instructions will always raise, or
set, a particular flag; others will always
lower, or reset, the flag. Some instructions
will affect a flag depending on the result
of the instruction.

In this case, none of the 8-bit load
instructions affects any of the flags. That
is what the black dot under each column
means— that the flag is not affected. The
note on “Flag Notation” at the bottom of
the page shows the effect on the flag:

. = Not affected

1 = Always raised (or set)

0 = Always lowered (or reset)

0 = Effect depends on the
result of the instruction.

Some of the flags are really useful only
for specialized, complicated tasks, but three
of them can be very handy. We already
know about the zero flag and the carry
flag. Information about them is in the
columns headed with the letters Z and C.
The zero flag is usually raised (or set—the
words mean the same thing) when an
addition or other operation results in a 0.
The carry flag is raised when the result is
greater than 255, or less than 0. However,
some instructions will affect these flags in
ways you might not expect. Do not try to
guess —always check the chart to be sure
of how flags are affected.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

o eee ee Roller E DSS AT TE NSS SEE ee IE MET CR OR AT Py dee ped Me Ce hen

When you translate an instruction into numerical

code, the “No. of bytes” column reminds you of
how many extra bytes are required.

One other useful flag is the sign flag. If
the result is greater than 127, i.e., if bit 7
is One instead of zero, the S flag will often
be set. (Remember, bit 7 is sometimes
used as a “sign” bit; that is where the
name of the flag comes from.)

Like most Z80 manuals, the guide uses
the words “set” and “reset” rather than
“raised” and “lowered” for flags. These
are jargon words, but they are the jargon
the guide uses. So to avoid confusion, we
will use them too. Just remember: “set”
means the flag is up; “reset” means the
flag is down.

One other column in this chart can be
very useful: the column headed “No. of
bytes.” This column reminds you of exactly
how many bytes long each type of in-
struction should be. When you translate
an instruction into numerical code, that
can be a big help. It may keep you from
forgetting how many extra bytes some
instructions require.

Once over Lightly
Pages 6 and 7 give the same information
for load instructions for the register pairs

tions.

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January/February 1984 ° SYNC

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CIRCLE 33 ON READER SERVICE CARD

and double-sized registers—the “16-Bit
Load Group.”

Pages 8 and 9 cover the exchange,
transfer, and search groups. Though there
is no space to explain these instructions
in detail right now, you might want to
take the time to look at the “symbolic
operation” column. You may be able to
figure out what each of these instructions
does just from the grids and charts, now
that you know how to read them.

Page 10 covers 8-bit addition and sub-
traction and the logical instructions. Page
11 includes some general arithmetic in-
structions such as NEG, along with a few
special control instructions. In general,
you should not use the “Miscellaneous
CPU Control” instructions on your Sinclair
or Timex computer; most of them stand a
good chance of crashing the system.

Then the guide continues through the
rest of the instructions: 16-bit arithmetic;
jump; rotate and shift; test, set, and reset;
call; and so on. The “input” and “output”
instructions are really only useful if you
are a hardware designer; the same is true
of the information about the “interrupt

===

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CIRCLE 9 ON READER SERVICE CARD

structure” of the Z80.

At the very back of the guide is a very
technical section—all about three special
chips that are often used with the Z80
processor. If you have some background
in digital circuit design, you may find this
section interesting and useful. If not, do
not worry. You do not need to know
anything about the PIO, CTC, or SIO to
program your Z X80, ZX81, or TS1000.

Coming Attractions

Next time, we will return to some really
practical machine code programming: we
will look at a way to draw circles on your
screen. Maybe you think it takes the SIN
and COS functions in Basic to draw a
circle, but, as we will see, you can do it
better and faster with a simple algorithm
that draws a circle four times as fast as
SIN and COS—and that is still in Basic.
In machine code, it is really fast.

If you have comments or questions about
machine code programming, or something
is not quite clear, let me hear from you.
Be sure to send along a stamped, self-
addressed envelope if you need a reply. Mg

for Timex/Sinclair users.

Busyness is the only publication

. and more

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S.F., CA 94101

Search and Replace Routines

Jon Passler

The routines in Figure 1 and Figure 2
are designed to search through a pro-
gram and replace all occurrences of one
character or keyword with another
(keywords are represented with one
byte, too). The routines can all be en-
tered directly from the keyboard into a 1
REM line.

All characters and most keywords can
be accessed directly by pressing the cor-
rect key or combination of keys except
the keywords printed above the key out-
lines. To enter these, first enter the
keyword THEN, followed by the desired
keyword. Then backtrack with shift 5,
hit DELETE to erase THEN, press shift
8, and continue. Figure 1 is a print-out
of each routine, while Figure 2 has the
assembly, along with the characters used
for each instruction.

Fi 1
igure 1.
i = T kh. cet is TRIE a
E E 1.21 <+ 3 r U n b $ ti.
2 ess | — Paparan = “a ae PA A DNI E
3 Pa å a Oe i j 23. a s :: DA - z.
=> m: i ‘atte eee t x S: Sess 1 F ag FL š
m emo La 227. Sat Eee st 4 r hi
Le í £f í Z s Ç Px, V: L. L... t FTE
=: i ET or —*
= im! n=
_ — :
= i =F C; æ$
<= Lb! Ti =>

Two versions of the routines are
given; version I is for replacing any
character, such as the letter A or
keyword PRINT with another letter or
keyword. Version II is for replacing only
string variable names. Version I will do
this too, but version II will not replace
numeric variable identifiers with the
same letter as the string variable
identifier.

Three routine variations—A, B, and
C—are included for each version. The A
routines are for one-time type use. The
character to be replaced (marked with a
single asterisk in the Figure 2 assembly),
and its replacement (double asterisk),
have to be entered manually, either by
editing line 1 or POKEing (addresses are
given in the footnotes).

Jon T. Passler, 344 Cabot St., Beverly, MA 01915.

Search your program and replace all
occurrences of one character or
keyword with another.

version I
routine ñ
LD HL, 16542
LD A,S9

LD A, *
CF CHL)
JRNZ, +11

LD (HL), AX
JR,+7

INC HL

CE (HL)

RND

ch Mads
pea

Cera. D

4, inv Y

5 SEROEL

7
7
/
TAN

* Character to be
replaced (16525)
** Replacement character

(16530)

version 11
routine ñ
LD HL. 16549
LD A, 39
ADD Â, ñ
INC HL.

P: (HE
JRZ,+16
LD A, ¥
CAT
JRNZ, +18
TNC HL.

Sia: BEV 7 aa OND
Na J

gra 3

Livy ¿Y

hie ee
TAN

* String variable letter
to be replaced (16525)
** Replacement letter

(16537)

Figure 2.

routine B
LD HLy165SS7

as Routine

LD A, (16530)
FUSH AF

LD A, (16525)

POP
LD

RET

(14530) ,4
AF

i > w ae | 8 a.
(16025) P

routine &
LD HL. 16546

Se VIA END

Wy anya S AND
ERENT

MP avis
gigas SURE, ae

RMD

FIND

$, RND

» inv @, RND

(Same as Routine Ad

LD A,
PUSH AF
LD A, té
LD (16537).
FOF AF

LO
RET

(14525) ,A

( Tis 2

)

aie
PRINT

DESEA
hd A TE ca

BEF:

er RND

HBD
RKD

6.0... 00000.u0.0.....e000.0.0.n0n0n.000000u000.0000:000

routine C
LD HL, 16548

¿Same as

LD ñ, (16520
LDP
RET

routine C
LD

)

(16525), ñ

Hi 165539

dla ANS

Routine ñ)

ISI
inv $,

TAN

¿Same as Routine ñ)

LD A, (14653

Ebo ed)

RET

See sig ene te

M,
TAN

5, inv F,

inv $,

RND

END

RND

RND
FIND

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

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The B routine will flip-flop two
characters each time it is run, without
requiring any editing. If you want a rou-
tine to change all PRINTs to LPRINTs,
and vice-versa, then routine B (version I)
is best for this application.

The C routines keep track of the last
character changed to, but the replace-
ment character must be entered man-
ually by editing, or by POKEing. If you
want to interchange A$, B$, and C$ in
your program (for differently formatted
files, for instance), then add a Basic rou-
tine that will let you pick one and will
POKE its code into address 16537 (for
version II). When routine C is run, it
will change whatever string variable is
presently used to the one specified. If
you use numeric variables A, B, and C
to hold the format limits, you can use
routine C, version I, to change string
and numeric identifiers simultaneously.

I will run through version I quickly
(version II is basically the same, except
as noted). Enter 1 REM from version I,
routine A—use Figure 2 and check
yourself with Figure 1. Enter lines 2 and
3 as well.

All routines are run by entering
RAND USR 16514 in the immediate
mode (without a line number). Do this,
and the A$ in line 2 and A in line 3
should now read B$ and B. Edit line 1
and change it to routine B (also change
lines 2 and 3 back to A$ and A). Try
running routine B several times, stop-
ping with A$ and A. Now edit line 1 and
enter routine C, and run it. Note that
now both 16525 and 16530 hold the let-
ter B. If routine C is run again, it will
not change any characters. Enter POKE
16530, CODE “C” and run routine C
again. Now enter LET L$-“E” and
POKE 16530, CODE L$, and run the
routine once more. Version II is the
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Bubbles

Bill Russell

The weekly meeting of our Central PA
Timex/Sinclair Users Group was com-
ing up quickly, and I had promised a
demonstration of my new TS2068 com-
puter. I needed a special program fast to
show off some of its new features.

As I slipped the TS2068 from the box,
I wondered if it was free of defects and if
it would operate properly for the demon-
stration. With little time for testing, it
occurred to me that the demonstration
program could also serve as a test for the
proper operation of at least some of the
features of the computer. I hooked it up
and switched it on. Everything seemed
to work fine, so far. Thumbing through
the manual, I made notes for my
program.

The completed program “Bubbles” is
found in Listing 1. The screen display in
Figure 1 shows a typical printout. The
desired results were achieved: a program
for the TS2068 that is short and simple,
that provides some degree of testing for
proper operation, and that demonstrates
several of the new features of the
TS2068. (And, yes, the computer has
performed flawlessly since it was first
switched on.)

What does the program do? It gen-
erates circles of random size placed ran-
domly about the TV screen. Screen
border color is changed randomly each
time a circle is drawn. All the while, ran-
dom musical notes of random duration
are produced. At random times, the
screen clears and a new pattern of circles
is created. The total effect is arresting
and is guaranteed to draw smiles.

“Bubbles” demonstrates some fea-
tures that are not found on the TS1000,

Bill Russell, RD 1, Box 539, Centre Hall, PA
16828.

such as the BEEP and CIRCLE com-
mands, sound, and high resolution
graphics. But this little program barely
scratches the surface of the sound,
graphic, and color capabilities of this
remarkable new computer. Books soon
to be released by the Timex Computer
Corporation and other sources, along
with articles in SYNC will describe in
depth how to use these more sophis-
ticated capabilities.

We found one more use for “Bub-
bles.” When displayed on a color TV in
the corner of, e.g., a space age living or
working area, it provides a kind of High
Tech Environmental Art, a moving, ab-
stract, tonal computer painting.

[Pm mani
mmm rg
mA AT

ode ey EET”

ohare NANA

A be
TRE)

aA mw
Bad e UA

bee a L

Line Notes:

2: Sets the screen border color.

10: Generates a value, z, for a circle
radius.

24: Generates a duration for the
BEEP commands and uses the value of z
to select the pitch of the beep.

25: Checks to see if a circle centered at
x,y with radius z will fit within the limits
of the TV screen. If the circle fits, the
next line is executed. If the circle will
not fit, the program jumps back to line
10 to generate new circle coordinates
and radius.

30: Draws the circle.

35: Checks to see if the current value
for z falls between 50 and 60. If it does,
then the screen is cleared.

40: Returns to the beginning of the
program. "a

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

Watch Where You
Are Going Sharon Zardetto Aker

In many games you need to know if
something is already in the space where
you are about to print another character.
Whether you are firing a missile at a target,
having PacMan gobble dots, or checking
for a dead end in a maze, the method is
the same: calculate the new position for
your moving object, check that spot on
the screen before moving the character,
and continue the program according to
what is found in that spot. Regardless of
which ZX/TS computer you are using,
the theory is the same; the techniques,
however, are quite different.

Display Files

The display file is the portion of the
computer’s memory that keeps track of
what is stored on the screen. The location
of the TS1000/1500 and ZX81 display file
depends on the length of your Basic pro-
gram. The address of the print position in
the display file is stored in addresses 16398-
16399. You can find this by:

PEEK 16398+256*PEEK 16399)

On the TS2068 the display file has a
permanent address, but it is arranged in
such a manner that simply PEEKing it
will not do you any good. The SCREEN$
command, however, is made especially
for checking the display:

SCREEN$(10,15)
will return the string that is in the tenth
row, fifteenth column. SCREEN$ does
have limitations: not all characters will
be “recognized.” However, the asterisk is
one that registers, so it will be used in our
game program.

A Game Application
Let’s set up a simple “Gobbler” game

Sharon Zardetto Aker, 20 Courtland Dr., Sussex,
NJ 07461.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

to illustrate how to “look ahead” on the
screen.

Both programs begin in the same way:
20 asterisks are printed on the screen at
random positions and a “G”, representing
the gobbler, is printed at the center. The
cursor control keys (unshifted) will move
the gobbler around; line 50 waits for a
key to be pressed.

The new gobbler position must be cal-
culated without changing the variables

Listing 1. Gobbler for the TS1000.

i@ FOR A=1 Ta 2a

1S. LET R=INT (RNDs22

28 LET C=INT (RNG+32)

25 PRINT AT FR,C;"#"

38 NEXT &

oo LET Reid

40 LET GiS

45 PRINT AT R, O; D:

DOC iIF INKEYS="" THE SOTO 52

55 LET .MS=INKEY

50 LET HR=5+11 AND = -ii
AND Mea" RO:

65 LET NC=04+ii AND M$="8")-{1
AND Mex Ss

ZË PRINT AT HFE HE

7S IF PEEK (PEEK 16395+256+PEE
E 153933} 223 THEN GOSUB 198

358 PRINT AT R,T š

55 LET E=HR

30: LET C=NC

35 GoTo 45

i@S FOR A=1 To 18a

185 Fast

118 SLO

115 NEXT A

120 RETURN

Listing 2. Gobbler for the TS2068. .

rt ter

PEH = ë

fel bo
| ner

hapa

ë F ==
O LET + =i ¡RRHDEZZ SET aia
NT 1RHDES2 5
SO PRINT OST 7.2: 0%: EXT a
40 ct. USO LET esis
45 PRINT FT rg; "8
30 TF INKEXYES"" TREN GOG TO =i
55 LET mt=IHEEYS
50 LET nr=5r+11 AND más="5%)-(1
AHD mega FP:
55 LET no=c+1i AND $= Ë= -ii
AHD mpi:
YE PRINT AF rc: * ZF SUREE:
$ iínr,nci="x*" THEN BEEP G5 , =
ee LEE: fens AE aE SG TO 4
=

that store its current position because we
will need those coordinates to print a
space at the old position to give the illusion
oÍ motion. Variables for the new row and
column are introduced at lines 60 and 65;
the new positions are calculated using the
logical AND instead of IF-THENs to make
the program shorter. The column number
increases if 8 is pressed, decreases if 5 is
pressed, and so on.

A Parting of the Ways

When we check what is printed in the
newly-calculated position, the two programs
lose their similarity.

For the TS1000, it is necessary to move
the print position without actually printing
anything; this is done at line 70. Once the
print position is placed at the new spot,
we PEEK there. If the character code for
an asterisk (23) is found at the new position,
line 75 sends the program to a gobbling
subroutine which, by alternating FAST
and SLOW, makes the screen shake.

The TS2068 version is much simpler: if
the SCREEN$ of the new position is an
asterisk, a BEEP is sounded.

The programs differ in another respect.
On the TS2068, the gobbler is erased before
the check is made. This is simply because,
for the best effect, the gobbler should
disappear, the tone should sound, and the
gobbler reappear, in that order.

Once the gobbler has been erased (line
80 in Listing 1, line 70 in Listing 2), it is
reprinted in the new spot by changing the
regular row/column values to equal the
new row/column values and looping back
to line 45.

These programs are simply for demo-
stration purposes. They need a lot of work
to function as real games, e.g., some error
trapping to keep the row/column numbers
from reaching off-screen values. "a

Dennis Krill

On October 22, 1983, the Boston
Computer Society’s Sinclair-Timex User
Group celebrated their Second Anniver-
sary at the Boston Park Plaza Hotel.

And what a celebration it was, with
exhibits, seminars, and new Timex/
Sinclair product announcements! Group
Director Sue Mahoney and her staff
(Will Stackman, Jack Hodgson, Jeff
Parker, Beth Elliot, Bob Masters) or-
ganized what must be considered the
premier Timex/Sinclair event in the U.S.
Participants included: Timex officials;
Sinclair Ltd. representatives; vendors of
hardware, software, books and publica-
tions; and users. Exhibitors came from
San Francisco to London and Atlanta to
Toronto. Top that off with over 1000
visitors, and you can imagine the level of
excitement. Events ranging from ex-
hibitions to seminars overflowed the
meeting rooms.

Message from Sinclair Research Ltd.

Maggy Bruzelius, Executive Vice-
President, Sinclair Research Ltd., as-
sured attendees that, although Clive Sin-
clair has taken an interest in pock-
et-sized television (to be available in the
U.S. in early 1984) and the development
of an electric car, he is also maintaining
his desire to provide computers and
equipment at the lowest cost. She also
stated that the research division will
continue to investigate and evaluate
computer related possibilities and
applications.

U.S. Connection

A superb demonstration and dis-
cussion conducted by Dan Ross, Vice-
president, Timex Computer Corpora-

Dennis J. Krill, 10 Continental Courts, RD 4,
Bellefonte, PA 16823.

Timex will make available both technical and
supportive information to vendors who
want to support the new machines

with hardware and software.

tion, created interest and excitement!

The audience was first treated to an
analog/digital “Timex” watch generated
and operated by the new Timex Sinclair
2068 color computer. The display on an
RGB driven monitor was clear, crisp,
and bright (the value of a monitor over a
common TV was obvious).

His next statements must be consid-
ered as among the most important assur-
ances offered by any computer manufac-
turer. Mr. Ross told the assemblage that
the Timex Corporation will be an
“open” company! That is, both technical
and supportive information will be made
available to those vendors who desire to
support the new machines with hard-
ware, software, and related peripherals.
This is definitely good news for vendors
and users alike. He emphasized that the
Timex Computer Corporation recog-
nizes the need for third party vendors in
order to be a success in the volatile per-
sonal computer industry. By providing
as much aid and information as possible,
users, vendors, and the corporation itself
will derive the maximum benefit possible.

New Products

While the Timex Sinclair 1500 (black
and white video with on-board 16K
RAM) is in reality an updated TS1000,
programs and upcoming peripherals are
going to be compatible. This is certainly
most important to those of us who have
invested in previous software and hard-

ware. It also means that all TS1000 users
will be able to keep pace with advancing
technology. Another important aspect of
such compatibility is that a 16K RAM
pack can be used with the TS1500 to
provide a 32K machine. The TS1500
will list at under $80.

A new hardware deviee, referred to as
the “T” dock, plugs into the RAM port
of either machine to allow the use of car-
tridge-based software. Thus, program
loading will be instantaneous. Again, the
technical aspects will be made available
to third party vendors.

And speaking of program loading, it
seems that Timex sympathizes with the
problems we have all experienced. Sit
down and get ready for this next new
product. Timex will make available
(probably as you read this) a Digital
Tape Recorder! The expected list price
will be under $50. I can't wait to give my
system the gift 1t needs.

For those who want a mass storage
device, the micro-drive is nearing com-
pletion. Details of its operation were not
available, but I can tell you that it will
be about the size of two stacked cassette
cases. The interface will plug into the
RAM port and will not add to the “wire
clutter” we now suffer.

Interest in a Modem is high. With a
target price of $100, the Timex-devel-
oped unit seems worth waiting for since
it will be available by mid-’84. It, too,
will operate on all Timex machines.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

For the Timex Sinclair 2068, an item
referred to by Mr. Ross as the Cha-
meleon is being investigated. Once
plugged in, the Chameleon will let Spec-
trum software run on the new Timex ma-
chine, thereby opening to users a large
amount of readily available software.

The TS2068 has Atari compatible joy-
stick ports on both sides of the keyboard.
While some may scoff at this capability
(and I, for one, do not care to see
computers used for “games”), the joy-
stick will provide easier operation of one
program in particular: VU-3D. Being
schooled in architecture with an interest
in graphics, I have been tracking CAD-
CAM development for the past 10 years.
In that time I have “played” with sys-
tems costing $50,000 to $120,000 (some-
one else's, of course!). With the TS2068
and VU-3D program, I can generate
similar graphics and investigations in my
own computer room for 20o the cost!

Let me explain the display generated
by the computer and Mr. Ross. Using a
preproduction program, a 3-dimensional
outline of a glass was called to the
screen. Then it was rotated (the display
paused a fraction of a second between
movements) to the desired position. A
“remove hidden lines” routine was
called, and, before our eyes, all the lines
behind the front surface began to dis-
appear. Then a light source position was
defined and entered. When the shade
command was called, bright surfaces
and shadows appeared. The result was
impressive. Combining this program
with a graphics pad will provide any
user with an excellent system. Everyone
should have this program in his file, if
only to impress friends.

Mr. Ross's final demonstration was a
Scrabble game with a 12,000 word
vocabulary. While the game has four-
player capability, it was more interesting
watching the computer play against it-
self. Although it is still in the planning
stages (de-bugging, licensing, etc.), my
wife and I eagerly await its release.

Judging from these presentations, the
future of the Timex Computer Corpora-
tion certainly looks bright. Providing
third party vendors with technical
information will broaden support for
Timex’s computer line. With more peo-
ple producing, it appears to me that the
Timex computers (1000, 1500, 2068)
will continue to grow with advancing
technology.

Seminars and Workshops

There was information available for
anyone, from the beginner to the expert.

A gratifying demonstration was pre-
sented by Dr. Gregory Coffin, Director
Urban Schools Collaborative, North-
eastern University. Eight students and
their teacher, Judy Fields, from the

Timilty Middle School used TS1500s to
demonstrate the teaching of computer
literacy. The students at first seemed
nervous and quite aware of the audience.
That changed, however, when they en-
tered their names to the screen. From
that point on they worked diligently and
quietly.

Brent Jeffries discussed applications
of data storage and word processor
programs.

Bill Russell’s discussion of the ins and
outs of starting your own cottage in-
dustry provided much-needed informa-
tion for prospective hardware and
software producers.

Bob Masters demonstrated the uses
and ramifications of VU-Calc and The
Organizer programs.

Joanna Grammon, a booking agent,
told of her application of data filing pro-
grams in conjunction with her work.

Dr. Sandra Hutchins’ seminar on com-
puter literacy was directed at educators.

Paul McGarry presented interesting
biomedical instrumentation applications
using the TS1000.

Dr. Bill Corba discussed an integrated
curriculum package (K-12) based on the
TS1000.

Alger Salt demonstrated his uses of
the Votem and the Hunter board.

Dennis Krill gave an overview of
word processing programs, complete
with loading problems.

Rita Carr ran a program on an
TS2068 written by Bob Orrfelt. It dem-
onstrated the sound capabilities of the
machine by playing “Maple Leaf Rag.”

All day long the Boston Computer
Society Sinclair-Timex User Group pre-
sented exhibits including a history of
Sinclair and Timex computers, a ma-
chine language clinic, a chess exhibit and
tournament, and a demonstration of
how to write and play adventure games.

The vendors’ room was bristling with
activity one hour before the Celebration
began! On display were the latest soft-
ware, peripherals, books, publications,
and speech recognition systems. A robot
controlled from a TS1000 piqued the in-
terest of young and old alike. And a sur-
plus computer parts distributor was on
hand to provide the “tinkerers” with
food for thought.

From the amount of activity provided,
it is obvious that much information was
made available to those who attended.
But more importantly, everyone was
given the opportunity to meet and inter-
act with people who, prior to this event,
were only names or voices on the phone.

Sue Mahoney and her staff not only
made the Second Anniversary of the
Boston Computer Society Sinclair-
Timex Group a true “Celebration,” but
also demonstrated the overall value of
third party vendors and user groups. "s

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Ken Berggren

Costa Rica has been described as an
island of sanity in tumultuous Central
America. With strife in Nicaragua and
civil war in El Salvador to the north and
the United States’ uneasy ally Panama to
the south, Costa Rica maintains stability
and close ties to the U.S. Although the
Costa Rican economy has taken a fall in
the past few years, it appears that even
that has stabilized. All in all, Costa Rica is
a delightful place to visit and a nice place
to live, too.

I came to Costa Rica a little over a year
ago to teach science at Colegio Metodista
(Methodist High School). This year I be-
gan giving classes in computer program-
ming as well. I use the Sinclair simply
because it is cheap. The economy is on
an even keel, but it is still not moving
very fast. x

Even though the Sinclair is cheap, it is
an excellent tool for teaching Basic pro-
gramming and about computers in gen-
eral. The graphics are not too impressive,
but they make up Íor that by being easy
to use. SLOW is very slow but for learning
that can be a boon. The students can
almost watch each step being performed
on the screen instead of instantly seeing
the final result. One of my students who
has had some experience with other com-
puters thinks that the Sinclair is much
better because you do not have to type
out P-R-I-N-T. All of the commands are
already written for you.

The one serious problem with the Sin-
clair, RAM pack crashes, worried me a
great deal as I was planning the course.
But the RAMstrap solved the problem. I
have not had a RAM pack crash while
using the RAMstrap.

Ken Berggren, c/o Colegio Metodista, Apdo. 931,
San Jose, Costa Rica.

Siow is a boon for learning; students can
almost watch each step as it is
performed on the screen.

I start the course with simple graphics
using the PRINT AT and PLOT com-
mands. Then I introduce variables and
how the computer does arithmetic. Most
of my studentss are eighth graders so I
only mention the more advanced mathe-
matical functions. I do not spend the time
to explain them at that level. Next, I
present the IF statement. Among other
things, the students use it to build some
simple controlled loops. Later, the FOR-
NEXT loop is presented as a shortcut to
do the same thing. I also give them strings,
arrays, subroutines, etc.

My method comes straight from the
“How to Solve It” series in Creative Com-
puting magazine. I find that it is very
effective. At the begining of the class I
explain some new command or technique.
Then I present a problem for the students
to solve using what they have just been
given. After that, I am there to answer
their questions and help them if they get
stuck.

A typical “help” session goes like this:

“Mr. Berggren, this computer is stupid!
Look at what it is doing!”

“It’s only doing exactly what you told it
to do. Let’s look at the program step by
step.”

And after a few minutes they will say,
“Oh, of course, I forgot to tell him to do
that.”

I have not mentioned that English is
the second language of most of my stu-
dents. That causes no real problems. Still,

it is interesting to explain the NEW com-
mand, have them watch its effect, and
then see in their notes, “NEW — para
borrar todo” (to erase everything). Al-
though the class is in English, I encourage
them to use whatever is easier for them in
their notes.

Besides my computer classes, I am also
Vice-President of the Computer Club of
Costa Rica. (The title sounds more im-
pressive than it is). Most of the members
have Sinclairs; again because they are
cheap. However, there are more expen- :
sive computers represented, too. In the
club meetings we share information about
computers, hardware, software, books,
etc... The club has just begun a project to
build a Sinclair controlled weather sta-
tion. Our present goal is to gather and
process data on temperature, humidity,
and barometric pressure. Later we could
add wind speed and direction if we want
it.

I have limited this discussion to the
Sinclair computers because they are what
I am familiar with and what this magazine
is about. However, the big boys like MAI,
IBM, Wang, and others are active here in
Costa Rica as well. If Costa Rica is typical
at all, then computer technology is
moving rapidly into the third world coun-
tries as well as the first. But I would like
to thank Clive Sinclair and his company
for making such a neat little package and
for putting it at a price that even the
economically strapped can afford.

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

Highway Robbery

Sheldon Maloff

Highway Robbery is a fast-paced ma-
chine code driving game specifically de-
signed to fit into a basic 1K machine.
With no modifications it can also be run
on 2K and greater.

Loading the Machine Code

Entering the program will be done in
a series of six steps, and, if you are a
good typist, possibly only three steps.
Follow the instructions exactly and do
not do anything that is not mentioned,
especially LISTing. LISTing a program
when you are not supposed to could be
hazardous. SAVE frequently.

Step 1

Type in Listing 2, the hex loader.
There are 294 X’s in line 10 so it is best

Listing 1. The hex codes.

HEX CODES FOR “HIGHWAY ROBBERY"

Sheldon Maloff, 102-432 Huntsville Cres., N.W.,

Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2K 5E1.

With a bird's eye view of an 8-lane highway

your Greater-Than-Mobile is cruising to
scoop up dollars from the road.

o Listing 2. The hex loader.

REM XXXXXXXMXXXNANANAXX XA KE

x x < t è x
IN SHH NN NN XX X NN NX0XXXXXXX
KRKXKKXRXKXKXRXXXKANRAARNRANANARAAKAK
pee gee Skog to gee
20 da og TO 2168697

70 NEXT A

gram and in response to each *”” at the
bottom of the screen type in a hex code
from Listing 1. Type the codes off the
list from left to right and top to bottom
line-by-line. When typing the hex codes
proceed slowly! Beware of 8’s and B's
which look a lot alike.

Should you enter a code incorrectly
press ENTER, instead of typing the next
code in the list, and the program will
stop with 3/50. In the immediate mode
type

LET A=A- 1
Then type

GOTO 40
to restart the program and give you an-
other chance to enter the code. When
the code has been entered, it will be
scrolled off the top of the screen, so you
may not see it, but it has been changed.
Continue entering the rest of the hex
codes.

When all the codes have been entered
and the program has finished with re-
port 0/70, make several SAVEs of the
program. In case something should go

to use the FAST mode. RUN the pro-

wrong in upcoming steps you will not
have to re-enter the codes. Do not list the
program.

Step 2

Without deleting the current listing,
type in Listing 3, which will overwrite
the previous program. RUN the pro-
gram. The program is finished with re-
port 0/70. If the number at the top of
the screen is exactly the same as the TO-
TAL noted at the bottom of Listing 1,

Listing 3. Validity check. _

20 POKE 16516.0

30 LET T=0

40 FOR A=16514 TO LEGS?
SO LET T=T+PEEK A

72 PRINT T

proceed to Step 3. If not, you made a
mistake in entering the hex codes and
should proceed to Step 4.

Step 3

Without deleting Listing 3, type in
Listing 4. Now delete Listing 3. (The rea-

Listing 4. The Basic program.

1 RAND USR 16553
2 CLS
3. GOTO 1

son for this is that if line 20 is deleted
without Listing 3 present, line O will at-
tempt to list. In a 1K machine there is
not enough room on the screen for the
line to appear and the program will
crash.) Make several SAVEs of the pro-
gram. After this is done, the game is
ready to be RUN. Use SLOW mode.

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name)

Step 4
Enter Listing 5 and the one currently
in memory will be overwritten. Do not

Listing 5. Code displayer.

10 FOR A=16514 TO 16807 STEP 8
20 FOR 0=8 TO
S0 LET D=PEEK (8463

ç a : 49 PRINT ¿CHHS (INT (P
worry about deleting line 10 with the 167426: ¿CHAS t tD/16-IRF (D716) 3
i isti i 59 NEXT O
one in Listing 5, the machine code was 58 NEXT O 08

moved to line 0 by Listing 3. RUN the 70 CLS

program. It will display 8 bytes of pro-

6@ NEXT A

Label Instruction Comment a
CAR-FOS ¿position of car on screen. FIVE VES -sssss E
CAR-L IN sline of screen car is on. PROGRAMS FOR ONLY [FU EZ] a
SCORE sposition of ones digit of score. COMPUCAT"/ S THE 16K SO Ae
(> : iti | /*COMPUCAT*/ | 16 FTW
CAR-STAT ¿status of current car position. CATALOG THAT YOU READ USING YOUR T/S.
SEED ¿random number generator seed. COMPUTER. THERE ARE MANY PAGES OF
TEXT AND GRAPHIC DRAWINGS, ONSCREEN š =
START LD A, (FRAMES) splace a number in the SEED holder. ORDER AND COPY FACILITY.
LD (SEED),A Ed
$PLUS$FOUR$FREE$BONUS$PROGRAMSS E Be
BLACK LD B,9Oh ¿set up counter to black in top —<
LD ñ,80h nine lines of screen. THE +ULTRA—CALCULATOR=s ALLOWS |
RST 10h ¡black in two characters at a time THE COMPUTER TO CALCULATE AS MANY š —
RST 10h and continue until 9 lines are NUMBERS AT ONCE AS YOU NEED, COPY š E
DINZ, BLACK blackened. TOTALS AND CREATE LISTS USING YOUR š
š PRINTER.
LD Brea ¿set up counter
O TAE? AG sai ee oe a
li i n AREA ASS er se VALUES. ITS GREAT WHEN BUILDING
LD HL,16514 THINGS TO ARRANGE RESISTORS FOR
LDIR ¡transfer game title to screen. ASSEMBLY. FIND THE VALUES OF
RESISTORS ON BOARDS WHEN TROUBLE
DEC DE ¡save address representing the ones TETE NA ans E Es a
S : f 4 i i eee 2 a
LD (SCORE) ,DE digit of the on-screen score 3) CHR$ PEEKMASTER : MORE THAN JUSTA
LD tk (D-F ILE) ¿set up location of car on the RUNP. > TE TER ONE ri
LD DE,148 screen and its starting line ADDRESS, AND SEE 500 BYTE BLOCKS. LOAD
ADD HL, DE and save data. Aas US Era site SOL HE a apa s
m EVIOUSLY PLACED ABOVE RAMTOP AS IT
LD (CAR-ROS), HL WOULD LOOK IN A REM STATEMENT. TRY
LD A, 4 WALKING THROUGH THE ROM. WITH 3
LD (CAR-LIN) A : SCREEN PAGES OF TEXT.
SCROLL LD A,8 ¿set number of lines to scroll left. C t MC]
LD HL, (SCORE) screate the destination in HL sang biel Wal BAN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
INC HL and then: transfer it to DE PATTERNS THAT’S ANIMATIVE. DOZENS OF
LINE INC HL DIFFERENT GRAPHIC LINES IN BASIC THAT
PUSH HL YOU CAN EVEN PLAY WITH AND CHANGE
g YOURSELF TO CREATE YOUR OWN
POP DE INDIVIDUAL “BARBERPOLE” PATTERNS;
INC HL ¿produce source in HL registers. OPTICAL ILLUSIONS, ETC. LOAD IT, THEN SIT
LD BC, 31 set transfer count. BACK AND WATCH IT TURN. IT’S QUITE
LDIR ¿transfer the line left once. did
EX VDE: HE ¿make the character in column 31 GET AMAN OF THESE PROGRAMS FOR
LD (HL), BOh a black space "AU ON STUDIO QUALITY CHROME TAPE
EX DE, HL ah Tane O fg cate
s E š : : IT AN KNOW: | TIMENTOWN| IS YOUR
DEN repeat until all. links- have: bebn ULTIMATE SOURCE FOR HIGHEST QUALITY —
JR NZ, LINE scrolled. $ $ $ $$ — LOWEST PRICED SOFTWARE. .
LD HL, (CAR-FOS) get the cars position — 0, oe f | ------ ENCLOSED ISEZAYUFOR:
LD ñ, (HL.) and get the status Gf the position. /*COMPUCAT*/BANO. 1jgPLUS'4 hill
LD (CAR-STAT),A ¿save the status
LD tH), 92h and display the car.
LD A, x (SEED) ¿get the last seed and proc eed RRR Re RAR RR RR
LO, A to generate a new seed ES
SLA A and a random number.
SLA A NAME
LD B.A
SLA A ADDRESS
SLA A
ADD A,E CITY STATE
ADD ñ, C
ADD A,ODh ZIP
LD E,A
LD (SEED),A ¿save the new seed.
LD £58 proceed to divide random number
XOR A by 8. ORDER.FROM:
LD R,.,8
DIVIDE RLE TIMEXTOWN
RLA ** POB-318, NFLD. N.J. 07435**
SUB C (201)**697-6448
JR NC, +3

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STOCK MARKET SOFTWARE
1556 Halford Ave. #236
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Instruction

ADD ñ, C

DJNZ, DIVIDE
INC A

LD HL, (SCORE)
LD DE, 21h
ADD HL., DE
DEC ñ

JR NZ,FOINT

LD A, (FRAMES)
HIT 5,A

LD A, 88h

JR Z, BRICK
ADD A,

LD (HL), A

LD BC,FFOih

DJNZ, TIME

DEC C

JR NZ, TIME

LD A, (CAR-STAT)

88h

Z, BOOM

8Dh

NZ, KEY

HL, (SCORE)
(HL)

JR NZ,KEY
LD (HL),9Ch
DEC HL

JR SCOREUP

LD C,85h

LD HL, (CAR-FOS)
PUSH HL

FOF DE

LD (HL)>,12h

LD B,5

INC DE

DEC HL

LD (HL),C

EX DE,HL

LD (HL),C

EX DE,HL
DJNZ, DEPTH
LD A, (LAST-K)
CP F7h

LD A,C
XOR SOh;LD C,A
EXPLODE

DE,2ih

HL, (CAR-POS)
(HL) , 80h

A, (LAST-K)
FDh

Z, DOWN

EFh

Z,UP

SCROLL

A, (CAR-LIN)
cP 8

Z, GAME

ADD HL, DE

LD (CAR-POS) ,HL
INC A

LD (CAR-LIN),A
JR GAME

LD A, (CAR-LIN)
DEC A

JR Z,GAME

LD (CAR-LIN),A
SBC HL, DE

LD (CAR-POS) ,HL
JR SAVE

Comment

¿the remainder is now in A which is
pointer to a row (1 to 8).

¿get the location of where to plot
a dollar or a brick wall

in the HL pair.

susing the TY frames counter check
whether to plot a brick wall
or a dollar bill

and display the choice.%

load the timer
and do not continue until
the timer runs out.

¿analyze the status and if hit

a brick wall go to explosion
routine.

sif it is not a dollar then
advance to keyboard check.

sget the score pointer and add one.

sif the score had not overflowed then
do a keyboard check.

„if overflowed then make digit a zero.
¿point to next higher digit
and repeat

sload blowup symbol in C register.
sload both HL and DE with

position of car.

inversed).

¿display normal car (not

set.
symbols

sexplosion depth counter
¿produce an explosion of
to the depth requested.

¿get keyboard character
and if 1,2,3,4, or S key is pressed
start a new game.

sredo explosion with a new symbol.
/

¿set movement value.

¿turn off car symbol by erasing it
from the screen.

¿get the keyboard status

and if A,S.,D,F, or G keys pressed
then move car down a lane.

sif H,J,FK,L, or ENTER keys are pressed
then move car up a lane.

¿start game loop over.

¿get current car line and if already
on the bottom lane do not

move it any lower.

¿move car down one lane

and save the new location

and the new lane.

¿get current car lane and if already
on the top lane, do not move it.
¿save new car lane.

¿move car up one lane
and save new location.

gram and their addresses at a time.
These should be checked against those in
hex listing. Any that differ should be
noted on a piece of paper as to the ad-
dress of the offending code and the cor-
rect hex code that should be placed at
that address. After 8 bytes are displayed
and checked, press the ENTER key and
8 more bytes will be displayed. (This
program will also display the bytes at
addresses 16808 and 16809, before end-
ing with report 0/80. These bytes can be
ignored as the machine code program
ends at address 16807.)

Step 5

Enter Listing 6, overwriting the listing
already in memory. This program, when
RUN, will allow changing offending hex
codes. In response to ADDRESS, type

Listing 6. Code changer.

c
28 PRINT “ADDRESS "S
48 PR A
S@ PRINT “HEX “;
6@ INPUT H$
RINT H$
82 POKE A, (CODE H$-28: +16+C0DE
H$ (2) -28

28 PAUSE Suena
1004 GOTO 18

the address (in decimal) of the incorrect
code. Then, in response to HEX, type
the correct hex code that should be at
this address. If there are more codes to
change, press the ENTER key, if not,
press BREAK.
Step 6
In the immediate mode type
POKE 16546,118
and
POKE 16547,118
Delete lines 10, 80, 90, and 100 of List-
ing 6. (Note that when you are deleting
the lines, all that will appear on the
screen is a REmark statement in line O
giving the title of the program.) When
the lines have been eliminated in the im-
mediate mode type
POKE 16546
and
POKE 16547
proceed to Step 2.

Playing the Game

You are presented with a bird’s eye
view of an eight-lane unmarked highway
and your car, a Greater Than Mobile
(inverse >). Due to the speed at which
you are cruising, everything appears to

dollar bills lying on the road. Collecting
a dollar simply requires you to move
your car over top of one. You get one
point, or should I say dollar, for each
bill collected. Beware of the brick walls
(graphic H). If you hit one of those, your
car explodes and the game ends. Press-
ing either the 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 keys will
start the game again.

Variations

Changes to the basic game should be
made only when you have succeeded in
creating a working version of the
program.

Those who live in the United King-
dom may want to enter Listing 7 in the
immediate mode to change the dollar
into pound sterling.

Listing 7. Pound Sterling modification. _ _

POKE 15524,1248
POKE 15542, 140
POKE 16705,1408

POKE 18552.1409
POKE 1686887,4

Currently your car is an inverse
greater than symbol. This can be
changed to any symbol you wish by us-
ing Listing 8 in the immediate mode.
The codes 148 and 20 will change the
car into an equals sign.

Presently your car is located in the
middle of the screen. This is accom-
plished by the value held at address

ncMaster

has the programs for your Timex-Sinclair! ` 2

16589, which contains a 148. A lower
value will move the car closer to the left
edge of the screen giving more time to
plan your “path of movement.” A
higher value will provide a more
challenging game by moving the car
closer to the right edge of the television
screen. POKE values at this location
must range from 138 to 159, or the pro-
gram may crash or fail to operate
properly.

The speed of the car is set by the value
at address 166690. Presently it is set at
15. If you like speeding, decreasing this
value will increase the speed of the car.
If you feel the game is too fast as it is, a
larger value will slow it down.

In order to make modifications after
the game has started, you must get back

Listing 8. Car symbol modification.

POKE 16630, (CODE OF THE INVERSE
CAR SYMBOL)

POKE 16730, (CODE OF THE NORMAL
CAR SYMBOL)

into Basic. To do this, wait until you
lose. As soon as you press the key to re-
start, press the BREAK key. Then make
the modifications you want.

For those who want to study the inner
workings of the program a disassembly
is provided.

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be moving past you. To move your car coiis: they’ eat Sop g NUMBERS UP „irange loners a SNAKE EVES yor rolls dice; ramove M"
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Software Review

Word Processing on the ZX/TS
Computer S Sharon Zardetto Aker

Word processing is the buzzword
these days, the application for home
computers. Are you one of the few who
would admit befuddlement as to just
what the phrase encompasses? Are you
one of the many who are wondering just
what kind of word processing you can
do with your computer? Read on!

La Program

There is a joke making the rounds
about the perfect word processor:
readily available, cheap, easy to use—a
pencil. A pencil, however, is to a word
processor as a butter knife is to a
Cuisinart.

Word processing is a little more than

Sharon Zardetto Aker, 20 Courtland Dr., Sussex,

NJ 07461.
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Hi Res Word
Processor
Text II

Texter
Textwriter 1000
TP16

VU Write
Word Sinc II

Z Text
Z-Wryter

Capacity

getting sentences from your mind to
paper—a job for which a pencil is ade-
quate. However, the computer power be-
hind a word processor makes it vastly
superior to even the best typewriter.
Insertions, deletions, and other correc-
tions are made on-screen, instead of on
paper, ensuring perfectly clean hard
copy.

You can automatically format text;
switch the order of already written
words, sentences, and paragraphs; check
the text for every occurrence of a certain
word or phrase; or do any of a host of
other nifty little routines. Multiple
copies at the touch of a key and storage
of a master text on convenient magnetic
media are only some of the additional
benefits of a word processing package.

Figure 1. The Feature Chart.

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7 130 triple space
block insert

Entry

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Uses and Limitations

The limitations of the word processing
programs developed for the ZX/TS
computers are largely due to its limited
memory space: the more features in-
cluded in a program, the less room there
is for text.

There are also limited uses for word
processing on your ZX/TS computer
with the TS2040 or ZX printer. You
would not want to use it for writing the
great American novel. Besides the lack
of memory space, no publisher would
accept a 32-column printout, and, of
course, the membrane keyboard would
probably drive you crazy along about
the third chapter.

Despite its limitations, the ZX/TS
computer is perfectly adequate for a

Lower case on screen
and to printer; 64-
character lines.

64-character lines
inverse printing

tab markers

lower case
special characters

quickload/page no./YANK
entries during printing

Special

number of word processing applications,
e.g., informal notes, newsletters with
perfect 32-character columns, and per-
sonal records. All you need to do is
choose the program that will best suit
your needs.

The Feature Chart

The chart in Figure 1 compares eight
of the word processing packages cur-
rently available on fourteen features in
four basic categories.

Capacity

The line length figures in the chart re-
fer to the maximum number of charac-
ters you can place on one line. Many
programs allow you to specify shorter
text lines. The text capacities are
approximations for comparison purposes
—ten thousand characters make about
300 lines. All the capacities are based on
16K RAM; most of the programs are
easily modified for computers with
larger memories.

Text Entry

Most of the programs have full-screen
text: everything you type is displayed on
the screen, with text disappearing only
as the screen is filled.

Word wrap is an important feature. It
enables you to continue typing even

SourceWafre,ine.
TS 1000

though you have reached the end of the
display line. Without word wrap, any-
thing you key in after the end of the dis-
play line will be lost.

Edit

All programs allow you to backspace
and correct the current line.

Full-screen edit allows for moving the
cursor up and down on the display in or-
der to make corrections. Programs lack-
ing this option require an entire line to
be retyped in order to make corrections
on any other than the current line.

Block delete lets you designate a spe-
cific portion of the text (longer than a
line) to be erased from memory.

A global edit tells the computer to re-
place any designated string every time it
occurs with another specified string. The
computer can check your text for every
occurrence of a particular word or
phrase with a string search feature.

A sophisticated feature that I was sur-
prised to find in a ZX/TS package is
block move. This lets you shift large por-
tions of the text from one place to an-
other, so you can rearrange sentences or
paragraphs without retyping anything.

Format

Being able to set tabs that will auto-
matically advance the cursor position is

TS 2048

a basic feature that did not show up very
often. Line-feed, which allows you to
start a new line on your display/print
out, is not needed in the programs that
allow you to enter only one line at a
time, but it is a handy feature in the pro-
grams with word wrap.

Justification aligns the right hand
margin of the text. The double space op-
tion allows you to choose that format for
the final printing. New page is similar to
line feed; it usually makes the printer ad-
vance a number of lines before continu-
ing with the text.

The Report Card

Figure 2 gives a report card evaluation
for each program. Except for the overall
grade, the programs were rated for how
well they did in different areas, not how
many areas they did things in.

Documentation was graded on clarity
and thoroughness; neatness did not
count, except for subliminal psychologi-
cal effects. Main and submenus were
also judged for clarity, and for ease of
use.

Programs with word wrap rated the
highest in the ease of entry category;
those that require character counting
and an ENTER for each line, and/or en-
try of line numbers, were graded
progressively lower.

TS 2068

We at SourceWare believe people learn best when they have fun doing it. Which is the reason we've developed our CEE Program Series for the *TIMEX-SINCLAIR 1000, 2048, and 2068. That's
Computer Enhanced Education. Because we also believe that never inman’s history has there been a more powerful tool with which to shape our own destinies. One which can be used to combine
high motivation learning techniques with good old fashioned fun and games to create a powerful method of highly individualized instruction. We have a wide variety of game styles to appeal to young
and old. Whether you are six or sixty, we have programs that will give you hours of fun, besides giving you a chance to use your mind. Word games that will provoke your intellect, test your
vocabulary, and maybe even teach you something new about the world we live in. Most of our educational games come equipped with our unique editing system that allows you to create your own
subject categories, quizzes and answers, tailoring the program to your own or your child's individual needs.

THE BOARD SHOW
Using popular game show format, challenging questions and a bit of luck in rolling
the dice, THE BOARD SHOW teaches information, vocabulary and essential skills
in logical thinking, in a game of skills, clues and luck.

SINCBASIC $12.95 ea. or set $33
Three part series leads beginning programmer from fundamentals of BASIC to
high-powered professional techniques. Can have you writing programs in hours.

SPELLER BEE $12.95
Join an old fashioned spelling bee as program interacts with players to build spelling

and vocabulary skills.

*Adaptable to any subject matter-any age group

"Come with ready made lessons or any categories you request
*Specify system (TS 1000, etc.)

*Specify age group

*Special rates for schools and institutions.

TIC TAC TOAD $12.95
Broaden your horizons with new facts about our world. TIC TAC TOAD's emcee,
Prof. I.M. Toad, interacts with players of any age as the program educates, moti-
vates and entertains. Combining strategy of Tic Tac Toe with entertaining question
and answer game, program comes with lessons in 9 subject areas from computers
to Mother Goose. Or custom write your own lessons-even if you don't know a thing

about computers!

WORDS TO KNOW AND UNDERSTAND $12.95
Highly motivating exercises encourage proper word usage and spelling. Enter-
taining and informative.

QSAVE $37.50 FULL LINE OF MEMOTECH PRODUCTS

$12.95 JUMBLE BEE $12.95
Decypher scrambled word clues, only to find more jumbled clues in seach of the
“Mystery Word”.

Send $5 for sample and price list.

BANK RAID $9.95
Lure gunmen away then run for the bank before they gun you down. Or get revenge
in Vendetta section by shooting gunmen before they reach their hideout. Four levels
of play and random screen make this one a crowd pleaser. From England, it's one of
our best.

THE GAME OF NIM $9.95
Excellent electronic version of popular pastime from days gone by. Don't get stuck
with the last match!

PLAY THE SLOT MACHINE $9.95
Just like Vegas, this “one armed bandit’ displays detailed slot machine graphics and
pays off using appropriate odds.

“WORD” WORKER $18.95

Coupled with a printer, “WORD” WORKER contains extensive set of “working”

commands as well as editing commands to allow easy creation of mailing lists,

labels, letter composition, or any task where use of word processor is crucial.
HOME FINANCE MANAGER $14.95

Up to 17 user-defined income & expense categories keep precise monthly records
for handy income tax reference. See monthly or annual totals at the press of a key.

This is a partial list of programs. We are evaluating some excellent software for the TS/2000 series which should be available by February. Write for complete list of programs. And don't forget to
send your name and address on a postcard to become eligible for our drawing for a TS/2048 computer with $100 of free software. Official Rules: 1) Entry must be postmarked no later than January
31, 1984. 2) Drawing will be held February 1, 1984 by an unbiased party at Vernal, Utah. 3) No employee or relative of an employee of SourceWare, Inc. will be permitted to take part in this drawing.
4) Winner will be announced in March issue of SYNC. (Winner will be notified by mail) You only have a month, so hurry! Get those cards in the mail today!

NEW YEAR's SPECIAL i ;
To help ring out the old and ring in the new, we are offering our “Three for Two” special. Buy any two programs in this ad and get the third program of your choice free! Send check or money-order to:

*Timex is a registered trademark of Timex Corporation *Sinclair is a registered trademark of Sinclair Research, LTD. SSOURCEWARE INC., P.O. Box 1579, Dept. S3, Vernal, Utah 84078,

In regard to the entry speed, most of
the programs work in machine code or
FAST mode for keying in the characters
of the text; some, however, take longer
to store each line in memory, or to pro-
cess changes made during an edit mode.

For the error handling grade, pro-
grams were judged both on how they
handled “dangerous” commands such as
“erase” (Do you have a chance to con-
firm the command?) and on what hap-
pens if the wrong key is pressed—does
the program break, is all the text lost,
how easily can you get back into the pro-
gram, etc.

The “over-all” grade takes into ac-
count both the marks received on the re-
port card and which features are
available in the program.

The Reviews

Text II

- Text IT has both some of the best and
worst features of all the software
reviewed.

First, the bad news: entering text re-
quires first entering a program line num-
ber, then a REM statement. Although a
line number is not necessary for every
display line, the documentation suggests

you use one for at least every sentence,

since editing is done by line number. The
program is designed to BREAK in al-

most every spot you would expect a
pause, requiring a RUN or CONT to go
on. The main menu does not offer a
“type” or “write” option, and it took me
almost twenty minutes to get started
entering text; that gives you an idea of
the documentation. Printing is slow,
with a pause between every text line. De-
spite the fact that there is a machine
code program loaded separately, there is
not as much room for text in Text IT as
in the other programs.

The good news is that the machine
code routines for inverse printing and
program line renumbering are usable
with your own programs. In addition to
its unique inverse display/printing op-
tion, there is another feature that may be
Text IP's saving grace: You can set 64-
character lines and have the first half of
each line printed, then the second half of
each line. This gives you two pages that
can be taped together onto standard
sized paper, with sentences reading right
across the page.

Texter

Texter is a basically good program
with two small problems. Unfortunately,
one affects the ease of entry and one af-
fects the ease of editing; however, they
are both easily remedied with a little
program change if you are up to it, and

the author is busy on a revision.

The current problems are lack of full-
screen text and line number prompts.
Each line disappears as it is ENTERed,
making text entry a little confusing.
Editing and continued text entry are
done by specifying a line number, but
lack of prompts (what was the last line
entered?) make it slow going.

Textwriter 1000

The report card just about says it all
for Textwriter 1000. Some features you
might wish for, especially a global edit,
and, to a lesser extent, string search,
were given up to make more room for
text. Keep an eye out for Fingerle’s
TS2068 version, because this one is ter-
rific, and the next should be very special,
when he has a little more memory space.

TP16

The main problem 7P/6 is that after
each line is typed, you must enter a
number code for it to either be entered
into memory or edited. As if that is not
enough to break up the typing flow,
there is at least a three-second delay for
each line to be entered into memory. To
make matters worse, if you forget to en-
ter the number code and enter the next
line of text instead (a mistake I made
repeatedly) the whole program crashes.

OUR SMART RABBIT CAN

GROW TO GIANT PROPORTIONS.

Meet the Smart Rabbit from Hobby Robot™ The only house-
hold robot with upgradable, transportable electronics and
software to a full-size, man-rated domestic robot. And you can
get yours for $329.95.

Smart Rabbit is plug compatible with the Timex/Sinclair
and Commodore series, and will interface with most other
micros, including the TRS-80 color computer, ATARI 400/800
and Apple II/IIE. Software can be written in basic, and each
kit comes with development software on a cassette for easy

programming.

Our unique staging circuitry is copyrighted and documen-
tation includes complete schematics, so you can trouble-shoot
with common tools and a VOM. Common components are used,
inputs and outputs are redundantly isolated, critical parts are
socketed and circuit boards are double-sided, plated through
hole. The result? Top quality circuity you can easily expand to
control up to 64 outputs simultaneously.

If Smart Rabbit sounds versatile now, just wait. Coming
soon are an RF modem, ultrasonic and infrared boards, a
speech recognition/synthesis board and high power servos.
And Smart Rabbit comes capable of powering a fully popu-
lated mother board, so you don't need an additional power
source as your robot grows.

Hobby Robot provides strong technical support, a 90 day
warranty on electronics and a one year warranty on base motors.

So, if you're ready to get a personal robot, get the one you
won't outgrow. Smart Rabbit can be yours for $329.95, and
ordered from Hobby Robot Co., Inc., P.O. Box 887, Hazlehurst,
GA 31539 Ph. (912) 375-7821. Visa, MasterCard, Am. Express
money orders or cashier checks accepted. GA residents add
3% state sales tax. Allow 4-6 wks. for delivery.

OBBY
OBOT co.

Hobby Robot and Smart Rabbit are trademarks of Hobby Robot Co., Inc.

CIRCLE 19 ON READER SERVICE CARD

THE ONLY WORD PROCESSOR WITH e
UPPER 8 LOWER CASE ON SCREEN. oa

NO HARDWARE CHANGE REQUIRED
ZX81/TS1000/TS 1500 16-64K

—Now you can see UPPER & LOWER CASE on the screen (Rather than
inverse character used in other word processors.)

—Full screen word processor with full cursor movements.

—High speed, easy to operate. —Continuous status display.

—Repeat key feature. —Insert, delete, move text to the right/left etc...

—Compatable with Timex/Sinclair Printer: Prints the whole text or copies the
screen: 64 characters per line (sideway) or 32 characters per line

o0 oo
HI-RES WORD PROCESSOR sea: SW-HI—RES PACKAGE gee

TO ORDER SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: N.ELMALEH
5100 HIGHBRIDGE STREET 53,FAYETTEVILLE,N.Y. 13066

Software Only

High Resolution Graphics
ZX81/TS1000/TS1500 16-64K

THE SW-HI-RES PACKAGE GIVES YOU CONTROL

—Now you can have HI-RES graphics on
your TV WITHOUT ANY HARDWARE CHANGES.

—Create your own character/symbol set o
(Lower Case, bombs, invaders,etc...) O-

—Access to 174 x 255 pixels. e

—Easy to use; access is similar to BASIC
PLOT and PRINT.

—Includes 11 users friendly utilities:
PLOT,UNPLOT,PRINT,PRINTC,DRAW,CLS,
SCROL-UP,-DOWN,-LEFT,-RIGHT COPY

—Printable on Timex/Sinclair Printer

--In addition to the SW—HI—RES package
you will get the BASIC program used to

ADD $1.°°
SHIPPING

Vu- Write

Vu-Write is another that requires a
line number entered for each line of text,
although just pressing ENTER will print
the next line number. Pressing ENTER
twice in succession, however, changes
the line number without inserting a
blank text line, and later editing becomes
very confusing. Using a character line of
more than 28 also makes editing diffi-
cult, because the line numbers will no
longer appear on the screen. There are
markers to help you align your text by
spacing over to the tab mark.

Word Sinc II
I already had a rave review prepared

Hi Res Word A
Processor

veh T
T we

Textwriter 1000

>
2
ee

TP16
VU Write

Word Sinc II

oe ia

oS ae SY
+ po +
s
°

CIRCLE 12 ON READER SERVICE CARD

for Word Sinc,
became available:
extraordinary.

Lower case—yes, lower case—letters
from your Sinclair computer to your
Sinclair printer, as well as apostrophes,
exclamation points, arrows, backslash,
and other special characters, all in a 42-
character line.

Absolutely flicker-free entry of the
text is handled by machine code.
Characters repeat at an adjustable speed.

Your display, of course, cannot show
lower case or special characters, but
symbols have been chosen with special
care and common sense. The apos-
trophe, for instance, is the graphics

when this revision
Word Sinc IT is

CC: $25.00
+$1 s&h

CC: $20.00

cC cC: $6.95
List: $2.95

A+| A CO: S E295
+ $1.25 s&h

generate the above TV picture. `

character often used as the Sinclair
default apostrophe; brackets are the
upside-down and reversed-L graphics
character. The four arrows are entered
from the cursor control keys, and so on.
As a result of the thought and care that
went into the design, confusion has been
kept to a minimum.

The documentation could be a little
clearer, but the on-screen prompts are
fine and, anyway, experimentation is a
pleasure with a program like this.

ZText

ZText’s nicest feature is Mindware’s
Quickload process. It takes about two
minutes to load this program, compared

Nissan Elmaleh, 5100 Highbridge St.,
53D Fayetteville, NY 13066.

Peak Software, PO Box 8005, Suite 23,
Bouldor, CO 80306.

Barlog Software, 401 N. Geyser Rd.,
Kirkwood, MO 63122.

Robotoc, 59 C St., Perrysburg, OH 43551.

January/February 1984 % SYNC

GAME CHANGER INTERFACE
TS1000 — ATARI 2600 VGS

Two D.S.T.P. Boards, cable and con-
nectors (uncased fully socketed) Soft-
ware on cassette — plus instructions
and documentation. 10K Static RAM +
4Kx2K Bank Switching Mem. Monitor
and 6502 Disassembler. Emulates 2K,
4K and 8K (Bank Switched) Cartridges.
You can DOWNLOAD-SAVE-DISAS-
SEMBLE - EXECUTE - MODIFY &
ORIGINATE GAMES.

Assembled & Tested: $139.95

Plus $5.00 S & H (Continental US)

MICH Res. add 4%. Send check or

Money Order (NO COD) to:

Huron Valley Research Inc.
P O Box 732
Highland, MI 48031

PEAK ZxX82 TE1000 CASSETTES

UTILITYIT ROUTINES 16K $10:
Ll. MERGE-- COMBINE PROGRAMS
2. LINE RENUMBER

3. WORD SEARCH

4. BLOCK DELETE

SV. INVERSE VIDEO

TEXTIT FEATURES 16K $20:

è ADJUSTABLE NO. OF CHARACTERS
PER LINE POR 32,800,ETC. PRINTERS
e LEFT ANO RIGHT HALF PRINT OUT
TO M.LOW TWO HALVES OF 64 COL.
TEXT TO BE PRINTED UITM A 32
COL. PRINTER

° PREVENTS WORD SPLIT

e PAGE RECALL BY NO.

e INCLUDES UTILITYIT ROUTINES 2.
THROUGH 6. Peak

P. O. Box 8005
Suite 231
Boulder, CO 80306-8005

ZX PRO/FILE

A machine language information storage
and retrieval tool for 16-64K.

* Multi-word search capability
Instant file access
Ordered displays
Definable printer functions
Totally flexible file size
59 page tutorial manual
Newsletter updates

THE MOST ADVANCED

FILE MANAGER YOU CAN
GET FOR THE TIMEX

Ask for free specifications or send $16.95
for cassette and manual to:

THOMAS B. WOODS

P.O. Box 64, Jefferson, NH 03583
: Phone: (603) 586-7734

Visa, Mastercard welcome

to an average of eight minutes for the
others. Although the instructions say
that anything over 31 characters on a
line will result in the excess being lost, I
found that was not the case; perhaps the
program was revised and the docu-
mentation was not. On the other hand,
the string search feature worked only for
the line at which the cursor was placed,
instead of throughout the text.

Printing is very slow, with about a five
second delay between lines, but there are
some very nice features. “Yank” pulls
the most recently deleted line out of
storage and places it at the current
cursor position—a limited block move.
Variables can be inserted into the text
and words entered from the keyboard in
their places during the printing process.
Other extras include page numbering
and setting the depth of top margins.

Z-Wryter

Z-Wryter received a final grade of B
because it does not have word wrap, and
because it has fewer edit and format op-
tions than the highest rated programs.
Everything it does, however, it does ex-
tremely well. The cursor in the edit
mode has repeat movement, and it
moves rapidly; pages as well as lines can
be inserted and deleted. The documenta-
tion and menus are well-written and
recovery from a BREAK is simple. It is
an excellent program despite its
shortcomings. |

Hi Res Word Processor

Hi Res Word Processor lacks the fan-
cier features of word processing and has
a few small drawbacks; however, its
main feature—lower case letters on the
screen as well as to the printer—pushes
it right up to an A + rating.

Text entry is flicker-free, and the text
cursor is a thin underline. The keyboard
defaults to lower case, with capitals
accessed by shifting into graphics mode.
While editing, you can jump forward or
backward a page (screen), and insert or
delete entire lines. A print option not in-
cluded on the review copy of the pro-
gram that will be available on the final
product is the 64-character line feature.

The minor drawbacks involve the
arrangement of text into individual lines.
Although there is word-wrap, there is no
automatic justification available, so you
have to be careful not to split words at
the end of lines. While you are editing,
inserting too many characters means los-
ing the end of a line, and the text does
not close up if you delete portions of a
line.

Although this is a rather expensive
program, it does include the hi-res
program that sells separately for twenty
dollars, and may be well worth the
investment. |

CRYPTOGRAPHY SOFTWARE
FOR T/S-1000s with 2K or more

For Cryptosecure Tape Records
For Cryptosecure Communications
with Other T/S-1000s

Accepts Plain Text or Cipher
from Keyboard or Tape

Outputs Plain Text or Cipher

via TV Screen, Printer or Tape

Modem Use with Custom Mod
Record Length—320 characters
Double Encryption Yields

over 2 x 109 Combinations

Completely Debugged Listing
and Instructions $5.95

DEL PRODUCTS, INC.
13512 Keating St.
Rockville, MD 20853

X CROSSE

ZX-81/TS1000

SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTORY OFFER
6 GAMES ON CASSETTE:

ONLY $20.95

RESISTOR* QUALITY
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SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

LACROSSE

P.O. BOX 250 - KELLYVILLE, OK. 74039

CONSIDERING A
BIG PURCHASE?

FIRST,
DO YOU KNOW:

* HOW MUCH WILL FINAN-
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HIGH?

* WHO OFFERS THE BEST
TERMS?
WITH AMORTIZATION You CAN
EASILY COMPUTE PAYMENTS AND
PRINT A COMPLETE AMORTIZATION
SCHEDULE ON SCREEN OR PRINTER.
FOR THE ZX-81, TS-1000, OR TS-1500.
CASSETTE ONLY $11.95 (2K) OR $16.95
(16K). ADD $1.50 S 8 H TO YOUR
CHECK OR M.O.
SIGNATURE SOFTWARE
P.O. BOX 13D
BLANCA, CO 81123

POHHH PF NH HA DOB P

Hardware Review

Keyboard Alternatives Lawrence A. kelly

The keyboard converts the character on the key
into a code of 8 binary bits—one of the 256
unique combinations of 1's and O's.

Introduction

Although the membrane keyboard
was a major factor in Sir Clive Sinclair’s
producing the first personal computer
under $200, a full keyboard seems to be
the peripheral of most interest to the
ZX/TS user. However, it is impossible
to do touch-typing on this keyboard.

The Anatomy of The Keyboard

The membrane keyboard is composed
of two sheets of plastic imprinted with a
gold foil circuit. The sheets are sealed to-
gether in such a way that a small air
bubble keeps the foils separated. When
the key area is pressed, the air bubble is
compressed and the gold foils make con-
tact closing the switch. When the pres-
sure is released, the compressed bubble
restores the separation of the foil.

The ZX/TS keyboard is a diode ma-
trix. When a key switch is closed, +5V
is applied through one of five resistors to
the anode side of one of eight diodes (a
diode conducts in only one direction).
The diodes connect directly to 8 address
lines which the Z80 CPU scans via a
Sinclair ROM routine which Dr. Ian Lo-
gan (the original disassembler of the Sin-
clair ROM routines) calls KSCAN. The
five resistors connected to 5 volts com-
prise the columns of the matrix and the
diodes the row (Figure 1). This 5 X 8
array accounts for the 40 ZX/TS keys.

The Language of the Keyboard

The purpose of any keyboard is to be
an interface or an interpreter. It converts
the letter, number, or character found
on the key into a code of 8 binary bits.
The number of possible unique combina-
tions of 1’s and 0’s in 8 bits is 256.

Appendix A of the Manual (either
version) explains how the 256 possibil-
ities, numbered from O to 255, are used
in the Sinclair system. The left most col-
umn is the decimal value of the code.
This can be very helpful in Basic

Lawrence A. Kelly, PO Box 484, Morris Plains, NJ

programming since, if you “PRINT
CHRS$(N)” where N is that number in
the left column, you will print the
corresponding character to the screen.

The column labeled “Hex”, for hexa-
decimal, i.e., 16 (hex=6, decimal= 10).
Hex numbers are useful here because 4
binary bits of O and 1 can code for 16
unique things; i.e., 2* = 16. If you fol-
low the table to the end, you will see that
it only takes a combination of two hexa-
decimal numbers to cover the whole
range of 256 binary codes. The figures
00 = 00000000 to FF = 11111111b
cover all the codes used by the ZX/TS
computers.

To get more than 256 codes Zilog
cheats a little. The hexadecimal numbers
(they are not letters) CB and ED are
prefixed and another set of instructions
apply. The jibberish in the remaining
three column are the mnemonics (short
names to assist memory) for the assem-
bly language instructions. The reason for
going into this much detail on how the
keyboard interprets what is typed on it,
is that later we will discuss ASCII en-
coded keyboards.

It is, therefore, helpful here to explain
what the keyboard does in encoding
some outside world languages into bi-
nary information which the computer
can handle. Two main codes are in use
today in the world of computers ASCII
(say “as-key”), the American Standard
Code for Information Interchange, and
EBCDIC (say “eb-see-dic”), Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code. These codes cover the letters (26
capitals, 26 lower case), numbers, and
punctuation characters that one usually
encounters on a keyboard plus the con-
trol characters used in data trans-
missions as originally established for
teletype machines. ASCII does this on 7
bits, allowing the 8th to be free for error
checking. In ASCII there are 27 = 128
possible items coded.

The bottom line of this discussion is
that there are two major codes and the
one in Appendix A is neither. Sinclair

uses a special code which must be trans-
lated to one of the other codes when try-
ing to communicate with other comput-
ers. For this reason keyboards that are
already encoded are difficult to connect
to the ZX/TS computers.

Keyboard Alternatives

A First Approach: Keyboard Overlays

One of the major problems with the
membrane keyboard is that you do not
feel a key moving under your finger. As
a result you can tell only by the screen
result that you have connected with a
key. The flat membrane feels the same
whether you are pressing on a key pad
or on a space between. When I was first
using the membrane keyboard I often re-
sorted to using two pencils, pressing the
key pads with the rubber erasers. This
does not do a lot for the “tactile sensa-
tion,”” but it does give traction and pre-
vent slippage of fat clumsy fingers from
the keypad area.

The overlays approach this problem.
They are simply plastic sheets with holes
bored out over the keypad area. Like
braille, these holes can be felt, and the
fingers can have the proper key location.
These overlays usually come with an
adhesive backing which can be peeled
off and pressed onto the membrane
keyboard.

I have seen a number of these ad-
vertised in SYNC with various shaped
holes etc. The first one I recall seeing ad-
vertised was from Kopak Creations, 119
Peter St., Union City, N.J. I have used
the Kopak overlay at their Union City
location and found it to be a step toward
touch-typing on the membrane key-
board. The cost of the plastic sheet over-
lay is usually under $10.

A newer overlay approach, also ad-
vertised in SYNC, is a “chiclet type”
raised key which glues over the mem-
brane keyboard. This innovation is from
Filesixty and costs $19.50.

The Second Approach: Beepers

Some people select the ZX/TS com-
puter because of the membrane key-
board. In certain applications it is
desirable. For example, kitchen appli-
ances with microprocessors generally
employ membrane keyboards to protect
the electronics from spills. The IBM
9000 laboratory computer comes stan-
dard with the membrane keyboard, and

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the IBM PC type keyboard is an option.

A tactile sensation is replaced by an
audio sensation. Devices for audio feed-
back are available for the ZX/TS
computers.

The Third Approach: The Full
Keyboard

This is the approach that most ZX/TS
owners find to be the most gratifying.
They then feel like they have a real com-
puter when they feel the solid “click” of
a key.

If there is a users group available, con-
tact them for names of members who
have done full keyboard conversions.
Also, have you noticed the additional
bonus with your SYNC subscription, i.e.,
the reader service card? Look through
the magazine, identify keyboard expan-
sions you might be interested in, and cir-
cle their numbers on the card. The
advertiser will send additional informa-
tion directly to you.

Installing a Full Keyboard
There are three ways a full keyboard
can be installed:

1) Convert a Surplus Keyboard

The main advantage of converting a
keyboard is that it allows you to select a
keyboard that you really like. However,
unless you already have the keyboard, or
are well versed in electronics as well as
computer keyboard interfaces, I would
advise leaving this possibility alone.
Computer keyboards are often hooked
to terminals via a serial interface (the
keyboard to my DEC VT100 terminal

connects via a banana plug with 3
connectors, transmit, receive, and

ground). To connect that keyboard to

the ZX/TS the circuit board would have
to be rewired to conform with the matrix
shown in Figure 1. If a keyboard is con-
nected by a serial interface it is usually
already ASCII encoded, as mentioned
earlier. This is a hinderance rather than
a help. In general, ASCII encoded, sepa-
rate keyswitches, and Hall effect keys
are all problems. The best bet is a matrix
type keyboard with a matrix that closely
resembles the one shown in Figures 1
and 2.

2) Purchase a surplus keyboard al-
ready converted to the ZX/TS
matrix

The keyboards are outlined in Table 1.

Those from Double H Electronics,
L.J.H. Enterprises, and Kopak fall in
this category. Typically these will cost
you $10-20 more than a keyboard from a
flea market or electronics surplus house.
I would say that it is well worth the
additional expense to save the rewiring
job. You can then get the documentation
as well as the support, from the supplier,
I have personally installed several key-
boards from Double H for myself and
friends and have found Herb Hornung
to be extremely helpful. I have heard the
same thing from people who installed
the L.J.H. keyboard from Leonard
Holmberg. The Kopak keyboard is only
recently introduced, but I have found
them to be extremely cordial and
helpful.

Keyboards that do not require solder-

Figure 1. Keyboard Matrix.

Column

Row

Resistors

+5v

: Address

5 Diodes Lines
D6 A8
D4 A9
D2 A10
D1 All
D3 A12
DS A13
D7 Al4
D8 A15

ing do require complete removal of the
membrane keyboard. My experience
with this is that, once done, it is difficult
to reverse. The plastic membranes with
the gold foil on them continue out of the
keyboard and become the leads which
plug into the edge connectors on the cir-
cuit board. The foil is very delicate, with
about a once in/once out, amount of
gold foil on them. Once pulled out to put
in the keyboard connectors it is unlikely
that all keys will work upon to re-install-
ing the membrane keyboard.

In this regard the keyboards that sol-
der on have an advantage in that both
keyboards can be kept operational by
soldering the keyboard to the solder side
of the circuit board and never touching
the membrane keyboard. Figure 3 (I in-
clude Figure 3 because usually this view
is shown from the opposite side of the l
board) shows the solder side of the
board and where the connections should
be made on the keyboard matrix. The
printed circuit board does not have to be
removed from its case.

What I usually have done in ‘connect-
ing Double H keyboards is to connect a
25 pin female connector (the type usu-
ally used for an RS232 connection) to
the side of the computer case and con-
nect the lines from the circuit board to
the connector. I then connect the key-

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Figure 2. Keyboard layout.
The customary way of seeing the matrix.

Figure 3. Solder side of computer board.

Dotted lines indicate components located on other side of board.

Diodes

Resistors :

Heat Sink

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board to a corresponding male connec--
tor. If one then wishes to take advantage
of the small compact nature of the
ZX/TS, the keyboard can be unplugged
and the computer is still functional.

I am not sure if the Byte-Back Key-
board falls in the category of a rewired
keyboard, but this company also has a
long history of successful devices for the
ZX/TS computers. The Jameco key-
board is a rewired keyboard. The version
I saw had the case, which is quite large
and contains the entire computer and
RAM pack and there may still be room
for your lunch. The ZX/TS computer
becomes Apple in stature in this enclo-
sure. The ZX/TS legends are not on the
keys but remain marked on the case.

3) Purchase a keyboard specifically

manufactured for the ZX/TS.

Quite a number of keyboards are
specifically manufactured for the
ZX/TS computers both in the UK and
US. Again try to see and use the key-
board. Talk with people who have the
keyboard and get their impressions. I
have examined directly a number of
these keyboards but certainly not all of
them. Read any available literature care-
fully, and, if possible, examine a key-
board before you buy it. I have set up
and used the Fuller, DK’tronics, and
Memotech keyboards.

The Memotech was certainly the easi-
est to install. It plugs directly onto the
expansion port, little fuss, but with a
tiny bit of interference on the screen that
was not there with the membrane key-
board only. The secret of the Memotech
keyboard is that the diode side of the
matrix is contained in the interface that
plugs on to the expansion port. The fre-
quency of the Z80 is in the radio fre-
quency range bringing these out from
the printed circuit board in an interface
always runs the risk of interference with
an RF modulated TV display. The inter-
ference is minimal and the ease of
connecting the Memotech should make
it the best keyboard for those with no
electronic inclinations.

The Fuller and the DK’tronic key-
boards both require disassembly of the
computer to install in the enclosure. The
DK’ tronics model is of good quality and
has a handy numeric keypad. However,
it presents one problem. Because of the
way the computer board is mounted in
the case, the edge connector does not
stick out but rather plugs into a
motherboard. The motherboard does not
stick out far enough to put the RAM
pack on. The recommendation is to dis-
assemble the RAM pack and mount it
unfolded on an extension of the mother-
board inside the case. This I found to be
highly unsatisfactory, but the problem
could be solved by using one of the cable

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Table 1. Keyboard roundup

Keyboard + Numeric Sinclair

Suppliers Keys Enclosure Solder Pad Legend Price Comments
Double H Electronics Typewriter Style
195 Lelani 53 NO YES NO NO $56.00 Excellent keyboard action
San Antonio, TX 78242 ⁄ Full Space bar
LJH Enterprises One of the first wired
PO Box 6305 41 NO YES NO NO $85.00 for the Sinclair
Orange, CA 92667 Full Space bar
JAMECO Electronics YES Legend $99.95 + Case
1355 Shoreway Rd. 62 optional YES NO on $59.95 Keyboard only
Belmont, CA 94002 Case $49.95 Case only
DK’ Tronics YES Good quality
23 Sussex Rd. 52 Computer NO YES YES $89.95 RAM must be
Great Yarmouth inside disassembled to
Norfolk, UK attach
K-2 Electronics Design Called “Kradle”
3990 Varsity Dr. 50 YES N/A NO YES $195.00 Comes with 64k RAM
Ann Arbor, MI 41804 Expansion ports
Sinclair Place YES Sculptured keys
Indescomp 52 Computer NO YES YES N/A On/Off Switch
PO Box 2288 inside
Redmond, WA 98052 Ext. RAM
“Compact” YES Contact SP
Sinclair Place 56 Computer NO YES YES for info.
PO Box 2288 inside Color $88.80
Redmond, WA 98052 Metal Codes
Research Applications Prod. Pad Contact
4561 Paloma Lane 73 NO YES for YES $80.00 for info.
Yorba Linda, CA 92686 shifted
Kopak Inc. YES Typewriter Style
119 Peter St. 48 Optional NO Optional YES $99.95 High quality
Jersey City, NJ 07087 Full Space bar
E-Z Key YES Not typewriter
Suite 75 STX 60 Two NO YES YES $84.95 but large enter
711 Southern Artery Options 5” Space bar
Quincy, MA 02169
Zebra Systems Inc. Contact
78-06 Jamaica Ave. Dept. B 40 YES NO NO YES $69.95 for info.
Woodhaven, NY 11421
Suntronics Co. Inc. YES
12621 Crenshaw Blvd. 41 Computer NO NO YES $59.95 Full Space bar
Hawthorne, CA 90250 inside
Gladstone Electronics YES
1585 Kenmore Ave. 47 Computer NO NO YES $79.95 Full Space bar
Buffalo, NY 14217 inside
Byte-Back Co. YES
1702 Oak Knoll Dr. 41 For Keys N/A NO YES $59.95 Full Space bar
Leesville, SC 29070 only
Memotech Corporation YES NO Buffered Interface
7550 West Yale Ave. 41 For Keys Interface NO YES $99.95 Plugs on like
Denver, CO 80227 only on back RAM Pack
Toptronics Company No info.
4018-A W. Chandler Ave. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A $54.81 available
Santa Ana, CA 92704
KAYDE Electronics Systems YES $75.90
The Conge 41 Optional N/A NO YES $55.90 Repeat key
Dept. SY-3 Computer $21.90
Norfolk NR30, UK inside
Fuller Keyboard YES RAM pack
Ramex Intl. 42 Computer NO NO YES $49.95 can be easily
48945 Van Dyke inside attached
Utica, MI 48087
Synergistic Design
PO Box 411023 59 YES NO NO YES $85.95 Auto Repeat

Chicago, IL 60641

RAM pack extenions. The Fuller and

Memotch keyboards have a nice feature
which puts a shift key right along side
the delete key. One can then very easily
delete by hitting the two keys simulta-
neously. My major criticism of these
three keyboards is that all the keys are

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

the same size. I am used to using a key-
board with a space bar and a large “R E-
TURN” key.

Table 1 reviews a number of key-
boards that have been advertised in vari-
ous publications. Examine some of these
before you buy.

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Hardware Review

The Thurnall System Lawrence A. Kelly

The Thurnal Modular System. I/O Port:
$34; Motherboard: $30; 8-Way Indicator
Unit: $24; 8-way Switch Unit: $24, 8-
way A/D Converter: $45.75; Transistor
Driver: $18. Thurnal Electronics, c/o
Sinclair Place, PO Box 2288, Redmond,
WA 98052.

The Bus

As the general public becomes pro-
gressively more “computer literate,” the
topic of conversation at many cocktail
parties drifts to personal computers.
These conversations are usually liberally
modified and amplified with “buzz”
words and phrases (one only need men-
tion these; it is not necessary to know
what they mean at cocktail parties.)

One such phrase is, “Is it expand-
able?” As a ZX/TS owner you may val-
idly answer, “Yes, my computer is
expandable.” Though it does not have a
Versabus, Multibus, Unibus, or S-100
bus (some of the more famous micro/
minicomputer buses), it does have the
expansion port in the rear. This may be
called the “Sinclair bus.” You usually
attach the RAM pack at this point.
A “bus” in computer terminology
should not bring to mind a sleek racing
dog (Greyhound), but rather the collec-
tive lines that connect the various inner
parts of the computer. The bus is sub-
divided into an Address, Data, and Con-
trol bus. In our 8-bit, Zilog Z80 based
ZX/TS, there are 8 Data lines, 16 Ad-
dress lines, 13 Control lines, and another
3 lines for +5V, ground, and the clock
signal. This gives a total of 40 pins

Lawrence A. Kelly, PO Box 484, Morris Plains, NJ
07950

The Thurnal Electronics Input/Output Port is a
parallel interface, using the Z80 PIO developed

by Zilog for the Z80 CPU.

which go into the Z80 computer (CPU)
chip. These lines, as well as +9V (un-
regulated from the power supply) and a
memory line, can be seen labeled in the
chapter on machine code in your manual
(p. 124 of the Timex edition).

The Thurnal Electronics (TE) devices
“expand” from this edge connector.

The TE I/O Port

The TE I/O Port is the first part to
connect to the computer, and it is lit-
erally the portal through which every-
thing passes.

There are two main ways that data
can be passed in and out of a computer.
The first is the way a program is loaded
from the tape recorder, i.e., over one
wire with the bits queued up one behind
the other, parading single file. This is
known as serial transmission. A typical
serial interface is the RS232 standard.
The other way of moving data in and out
of the computer is on the bus, with the
data marching in, shoulder to shoulder,
8 bits wide. This is known as parallel
transmission. A parallel standard is the
IEEE 488 (sometimes called the Hewlett
Packard bus).

The TE I/O Port (I/O = Input/Out
put) is a parallel interface. The interface
is accomplished via an integrated circuit
developed by Zilog (designer of the Z80
CPU) to be a parallel interface for this
microprocessor. It is called a Z80 PIO
(Parallel I/O). From the outside the

chip looks identical to the Z80 CPU.
The inside is quite different though it
has the same lines. The PIO is designed
for receiving parallel data from the CPU
and outputting it to a peripheral.

There are two separate ports, termed
A and B, which have 8 data lines plus
“handshaking” (control lines). The TE
box has a connector which is identical to
the RAM connector which connects di-
rectly to the computer. A memory pack
is not necessary to operate the I/O port,
but, if you will be using one, the com-
puter edge connector for the RAM pack,
continues out the rear of the TE box.

The PIO is fully “decoded.” What
this means to you is that the use of the
TE expansions will not interfere with
any other devices you intend to attach to
the computer such as 64K RAM packs,
printers, serial interfaces, modems, etc.

However, because the port is decoded
you will need a very short machine code
program to access the ports. The docu-
mentation from TE offers you an option
here, a stepwise entry of the necessary
codes into a Basic REM statement
which is clearly explained with ab-
solutely no mention of machine code.
This is guaranteed to operate the port.
They also have a section which com-
pletely explains the machine code rou-
tine if you are interested.

The connector to the ports has all the
lines to port A on the top of the circuit
board and the lines to port B on the bot-

tom. Any of the TE devices can be con-
nected singly to this edge connector (one

of the first things I connected directly
here was the TE joystick.

If more than one of the TE devices is
to be used, a motherboard is available.
The motherboard will connect up to 4 of
the TE devices at the same time (since
the ZX/TS is not a multitasking com-
puter, you will be able to address them
only one at a time. The motherboard
contains no electronic devices; it is just
an extension of the bus or wiring,
namely, the data and control lines—2 to
port A (A1 and A2) and 2 to port B (B1
and B2). The proper connecting se-
quence of the devices and the lines
is diagrammed on the cover of the
motherboard.

The TE Joystick

I set up the TE joystick and entered a
rather extensive (16K RAM required)
Basic program supplied by TE which
constructed a maze that used the joy-
stick to manipulate through the course
without crashing into the wall. There is
very good documentation for the opera-
tion of the joystick, so those of you in-
terested in games could quickly adapt
one or more of these to your game pro-
grams. The Timeblaster video game
from Caliope Software would be particu-
larly interesting to play with a joystick.
In this case, since the software is mostly
Z80 code, you would have to prevail
upon the author to provide you with a
version that used the codes you would
need for the joystick, instead of for the
movement keys which are used.

Other TE Devices

Let’s take a quick look at five other
TE devices. The TE Indicator Unit, with
8 LEDs, lights up according to the bi-
nary equivalent of what is sent to the
port (a good way to learn to count bi-
nary). The TE Switch Unit, just like the
original micros—the MIT’s Altair 80
and the IMSAI 8080—allows you to
switch your programs in through the
port by setting the binary equivalent of
the code on the eight switches (on=1;
off=0) and then reading the port. (This
would be purely academic as far as I am
concerned).

Another TE device can do Digital to
Analog (D/A) control of devices: The
TE Transistor Driver controls low volt-
age electronic devices while the TE Re-
lay Box switches on low current house-
hold equipment using line voltages.

In all, the TE devices are a sound
investment: They are well built and at a
reasonable price for Sinclair expansion.
If you do not have any electronic experi-
ence or applications along those lines,
you will probably be interested only in
the parallel port and the joysticks. "a

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

BACKISSUESOF | EA
| SLIT il : x

Add to your Sync collection today, while
copies are still available. The more com-
plete your library of back issues, the more
authoritative and useful it will be to you.

You may order any issues published
during the last twelve months, being sure
to specify the month and year for each. If
a particular issue is out of stock, your
payment will be refunded promptly.

Back issues of Sync are priced at
$4.00 each, postpaid. Outside the U.S.A.,
$5.00 each.

Games and Educational
Programs
for TS1000/TS1500
JÉ 2-BIT" SOFTWARE, P.O. Box 2036 MN

Dept. SN5 Del Mar, CA 92014
(619) 481-3629 elec:

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

N wes 2°

AN nnn
w MAI

PAYMENT ENCLOSED $_ J LIIUIIS]HSIIand NY
| STATE residents add applicable sales tax.)

Mr.

Mrs.

Ms.

(please print full name)

| Addres

City

gon

r ol sen e CO. 7
ae e A
se WR WB FÉ
o a ANA

ot
9
EN

wo:

CYBORGWARS

Go UOT ANOTHER TO

BUT A COMPLEX SIMULATION OF FOUR MILITARY- INDUSTRIAL
ECONOMIES LOCKED IN A DEADLY STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL.
ONE TO FOUR PLAYERS COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER AND/OR
THE COMPUTER. BALANCE OF POWER DEPENDS UPON
SKILL IN DEVELOPING RESOURCES, USE OF ESPIONAGE,
EXPLOITATION OF ALLIANCES, AND UTILIZATION OF MILITARY
POTENTIAL. REQUIRES ZX81 OR TS1000 WITH 16K RAM.

Send $14 (plus $1 for shipping) to: STRATAGEM CYBERNETICS, INC.,
286 Corbin Place, 2E, Brooklyn, New York 11235. Y

Md e e | n 55 s
SIRS a pa Pa t À (4) pS Jen ra
Q x WY WW Y Tea

CIRCLE 65 ON READER SERVICE CARD ' 87

TESOL CES

User Groups

Florida

South Florida Users Group

c/o Bob Pearsall

9220 Fountain

Lakewood, FL 33463
Newsletter: $10/12 issues.

Oklahoma

Timex Sinclair User Group
Billy Casebeer, Pres.

PO Box 372

Oologah, OK 74053

Rhode Island
Ocean State T/S User Group
c/o Bob Dyl
15 Kilburn Ct.
Newport, RI 02840
(401) 849-3805

Texas

San Antonio Timex/Sinclair
User Group

Jim Houston

414 W. Elsmere

San Antonio, TX 78212
(512) 735-2895

User Group Name/
Address Changes

Maryland

Capitol Area Timex/Sinclair
Users Group

PO Box 725

Bladernsburg, MD 20710

Formerly Prince George’s SUG.

Morris Plains, NJ 07950.

Missouri
Timex/Sinclair Users Group
of Kansas City
c/o Carl E. Mutch, Pres.
4701 NW. Linden Rd.
Kansas City, MO 64151
(816) 587-8820. Formerly Com-
puter Users Group TS1000 &
ZX80/81.

New York

Address change:

Sinclair Computer User’s
Society (SINCUS)

PO Box 36

Johnson City, NY 13790

User Group Forming

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia area:

Mark F. Miller

9573 Walley Ave.

Philadelphia, PA 19115
(215) 698-1905. Please

SASE.

send

Topical

Archaelogy special interest group.
Write in English, French, Spanish,
or German. Worldwide.
Archaeological ZX Users Group
c/o Robin Smith

30 Charles St., W, #720

Toronto, Ont.

Canada M4Y-1R5

Forth Interest Group

PO Box 1105

San Carlos, CA 94070, Annual dues:
$15 (U.S.); $27 (foreign). Includes
subscription to Forth Dimensions
(bi-monthly).

| s in this listing require the 8K ROM and 16K RAM unless orherwi —<
— T "indicates cassette format. When a Sepia h has more than one product
í name and address follow the last product.

Publications

“What Every Computer User Should
Know about Static Control,” 8-page
brochure on nature and cause of
electrostatic charges and treatment
for static-proofing virtually every
surface and object in the computer
workplace. For a copy, write: ACL
Inc., 1960 E. Devon Ave., Elk Grove
Village, IL 60007. (312) 981-9212.

RB Forum. Monthly newsletter
published by RB Robot Corp. Free
to owners of RB5X Intelligent
Robot; other subscriptions: $15/yr.
prepaid. RB Robot Corp., 18301
W. 10th Ave., Suite 310, Golden,
CO 80401. (303) 279-5525.

AAMI Journal. Published by
American Association of Microcom-
puter Investors, Inc. Included in
membership dues of $49. to provide
information on how to use com-
puters to do better in investing.
Other membership benefits: com-
prehensive directory of investment
software, free computer programs,
discounts on investment software,
study guides and disks. Write: Amer-
ican Association of Microcomputer
Investors, PO Box 1384, Princeton,
NJ 08542. (609) 921-6494.

Books

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scien-
tific and Technical Terms. 1,846
pp. $70. Covers every major field
of science, engineering, and tech-
nology. Reflects current usage and

and Services along ae details for oes to: Resources, SYN C, 39 E I

specialized terminology in 100 dif-
ferent disciplines. McGrav-Hill
Book Co., 1221 Ave. of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020.
(212) 997-3493.

GOSUBS: 100 Program-Building
Subroutines in Timex/Sinclair Basic.
By Ewin Gaby and Shirley Gaby.
$9.95. 176 pp. Designed to provide
both novice and experienced pro-
grammers with building blocks for
constructing, modifying, and refining
programs on the ZX81, TS1000,
TS1500, and, with very few
exceptions, the Spectrum and
TS2068. McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
1221 Ave. of the Americas, New
York, NY 10020. (212) 997-2486.

Creative Computing
Press (U.K.)

3 new books for the ZX81 and
TS1000 from Creative Computing
Press available directly from the
publisher in U.K.: The Best of SYNC
(£6), 50 Programs for the TS1000
(£5.50), and The TS1000 Ideabook
(£6). Limited quantities of Com-
puters for Kids: Sinclair Edition
(£4.25) also available. Add £1 for
postage and packing in U.K.; £2 to
all other countries. Hazel Gordon,
10 Bishops Way, Sutton Coldfield,
West Midlands B74 4XU, U.K.

Programming Aids

Complete Software Library. Ex-
tensions to Basic, Program Name

Reader, Multiple Programs in Mem-
ory, Tape Unlocker, Secret ROM
Tape Routine, Etchsketch, Char-
acter Set Bandana, Surprise!, Beep
Routine, Lower Case for Printer,
Phaser Sound Effect, Super Function
Plot, 16K Two Pass Assembler, Hi-
res Printer Routine. Also Unusual
Display, Program Name Reader Re-
location Program, Oscilloscope with
Fantastic Graphics, 16K text editor
with full print formatting, 1K text
editor, 3 great real-time games, Sines,
Flower, Beep Relocation Routine,
Unusual User, Keyboard Learning
Game, Self List, Poster Maker Pro-
gram, Multiple Programs in Memory
Relocation Routine, 3D Plane. 1K
to 16K RAM. On TDK tape or
equivalent. Poster at half price with
this package. CC: $24.95.

John Richard Coffey, PO Box
448, Scottsburg, IN 47170.

Basic Basic. Learn to write your
own computer games; screen dis-
play, keyboard input, moving graph-
ics, loops, editing, and other pro-
gramming techniques. Program tape,
workbook, and blank tape: $17.95;
Visa/MC. 2-Bit Software, PO Box
2036, Del Mar, CA 92014. (619)
481-3242.

Tape Unlocker. 1K machine code
program to end your worries about
not having backup tapes. Break
through the program; list and save
or print it. Listing: $1 plus SASE.

Super Save/Load. 4 features:
SAVEs and LOADs machine code
above RAMTOP; SAVEs and
LOADs data; reads the name of
the program on tape; makes copies
of almost any tape program. MC.
People who have bought Multiple
Programs in Memory will be able
to use this to save all the programs
in memory. CC: $4.95.

John Richard Coffey, PO Box
448, Scottsburg, IN 47170.

RPNZL Programming System.
Occupies lower portion of the 16K
RAM pack; leaves enough room
for equivalent of 12K Basic program
in only 6K RAM; typically 15 times
faster than Basic. Full screen text
editor suitable for word processing
and a compiler permit structured,
symbolic code in a Forth-like, stack
oriented syntax. Accesses dozens
of program, data, and text files per
tape. CC and manual: $29.95. See
applications elsewhere in this
column. The Golden Stair, 141A
Dore St., San Francisco, CA 94103.
(415) 552-1415. $1.50 s&h per
order.

Word Processors

Word Sinc 11. Word processor
featuring: 42 characters per line:
lower case letters (unshifted); auto

repeat on all keys; full screen editing;
automatic up and down scrolling;
block move; search; replace; delete;
tab; 20 special characters; and more.
Room for 8000 characters in 16K
RAM; expandable to larger RAMs.
CC with manual: $20. P. Hargrave,
Site V RR 4, Nanimo, BC, Canada
VOR 5X9. Exclusive U.S. Distribu-
tor: Gesang Associates, PO Box
452, Randallstown, MD 21133.

Text Processor. Write, read, edit,
print, save, and clear text. 2000
word capacity. Edit in full or split
screen mode. CC and instructions:
$12.50. A. Rodriguez, 1605 Pen-
nsylvania Ave., Miami Beach, FL
33139.

Electronics Programs

Electronic Programs for the
Hobbyist. Programs cover Ohms
law, op-amps, bipolar power supply
design. Menu driven. Looped pro-
grams. $9.95; $1 s&h (money order).
Rob Wells, 3090 Meadowgreen Way,
West Jordon, UT 84084.

Tax Programs

Fed-Tax Software System. System
has 3 separate programs: 1040 Long

Form, 1040A Short Form-1040EZ

Easy Form, and Schedules A & B.
CC and documentation. Each pro-
gram: $10.95 plus $1 s&h. Toco
Technology, PO Box 98, Santa
Claus, IN 47579.

Math/Science

Easy Math. Does math directly;
type in problem or formula and
press ENTER; answer appears on
screen. 10 single letter variables
available for problems like
(4+D)/TAN A. Each can be an
equation itself so systems of
equations can be run with a single
keystroke. Produces columnar out-
put on printer with headings, sub-
totals, and totals. Demo program
included. CC: $9.95. Simulsion, Box
894, Lemon Grove, CA 92045.

Math by Numbers. Arithmetic
tutorial for grades 3-5. Randomly
generated problems in addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and di-
vision of multidigit numbers. Enter
answer one digit at a time just as
on paper; allows for carrying, bor-
rowing, and remainders. Separate
score for each type of problem;
extra practice for weakest area. CC
and instructions: $12.95 pp. Charles
J. Bonner, PO Box 9179, Norfolk,
VA 23505.

Cubic/quadratic Solution. So-
lution to the cubic and quadratic

S
&

> TAKE THE TRIVIA
eg CHALLENGE

TRIVIA CHALLENGE is based on, and plays
like, a popular new trivia board game which now has
been adapted for the T/S 1000 and ZX-81 computers.

TRIVIA CHALLENGE tests your knowledge in a
variety of categories including sports, entertainment,
science, history, geography and more. — for 2 to 8
players.

TRIVIA CHALLENGE comes on four C-92
professional quality cassette tapes. The graphics pro-
vide the board, the dice, and the scoring. Very user
friendly. Each tape provides fun, challenge, and edu-
cation, as well as many hours of mind probing
pleasure.

All programs are guaranteed to load and run
(defective software will be replaced).

Take advantage of our special introductory offer
and save 31% off our regular low price of $18.95. Pay
only 12.95 + 1.95 s&h (about the retail price for 4
blank tapes alone) for over 5000 questions on a 4
cassette package.

THE OFFER ENDS FEB. 29, 1984
Send Check or Money Order to:

ISTHMUS (special offer)
P.O. Box 174

Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canada R2M 4A5

CIRCLE 30 ON READER SERVICE CARD

a o asam usta we =
DUST ORDER TODAY!
Please send me the following:
PROBLEMS? | * =..."
s _____ 2068 Computer
Dust Covers
@ $8.95 $
Solve Them with —— 1500 Computer
Matching Dust Covers 25895 5
for Your Whole Ena Dust Covers
| a $7.
Timex System! ieee
$8.95 Covers @$895 $ _ —
On/Ott Switch w/
Load Improver
These are the deluxe covers @ $15.95

for the Timex 1000, 1500, and
2068 computers, or the Timex
Printer. The covers are made
of hand sewn (not glued or
heat sealed), brown leather
grain Naugahyde — specially
lined with a soft nonscratch

|
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
'
I
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
I
f
. 5% State Tax
I
I
I
I
i
liner. a
5
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I
Ë
5
I
a
i
Ë
Ë
$
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(Wisconsin Residents only) $

VISA #
MasterCard #
Don't waste your money on Inner Bank #
those cheap looking, clear
plastic, static filled seers Get ee ey oe
the quality ones, custom fitted
to your Timex. ee
SHIP TO
Available singly Sana
or as a matched
set in beautiful noa sss
brown simulated City
leather. Also available for your State /Zip

1000, an on/off switch that
also improves the load capa-
bilities for your machine.
Works like magic. Saves lots of
time and problems. Guaran-

teed, of course. 550 N. 68th Street

Wauwatosa, WI 53213

Dealer Inquiries Invited 414 / 257-3562

CIRCLE 3 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Shipping & Handling s __200

TOTAL $ .

O Check or Money Order enclosed
O Charge to my VISA or MasterCard

THE ANALOG INTERFACE FOR

sinclair

VOTEM is a complete package of hardware and software to enable
your computer to measure, display and record voltage and temper-
ature. Use your computer to monitor any physical phenomenon (pressure,
light, temperature, etc.) that can be represented by a DC voltage. A
probe is provided for temperature measurements. Use VOTEM as a
“smart” voltmeter/thermometer with storage.

July/Aug 1983 Sync- O u EM
"...VOTEM is a must."
Oct 1982 Syntax-

"...VOTEM is a
bargain."

VOTEM also amplifies and cleans up the tape signal to help you
overcome LOADing problems experienced by many TS1000 owners.

READ TH E ls ° Connects to tape input of TS-1000/2X81/80
RAV I NG Y * Requires no modifications to computer
R EV I EWS ! * Easily adapted to other computer systems

* Operate with 1K or more memory

— Resolution: > 14-bit: 0.00005V: 0.02° F: 50ppm
—Input Range: O to +1 Volts (easily expanded)
—Documentation: 35p manual available separately
—Price: $59.95/Assembled 8 Tested or $39.95/kit
—Warranty: 15-day unconditional (A&T units only)

Issue #1 of S. > i >

Timex Sinclair User- — _

"The manual is extremely
comprehensive..."

Down East Computers P.O. BOX 3096

CIRCLE 25 ON READER SERVICE CARD

$39.95 (Kit)
$59.95 (A € T)

Send check or money order plus $3 shipping (US currency)
Manual alone: $5pp (applied to first purchase).

Write for a FREE detailed product desciption.

Greenville, N.C. 27834

equation for real coefficients. $1
plus large SASE. Igor Alexeff, E.E.
Dept., University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN 37916.

Equation Solver. Displays each
step in the solution of mathematical
equations. Works on any level of
mathematical proficiency. Also
solves unknowns. CC: $8.95 pp.
Robert Martin, 15950, Fountain
Valley, CA 92708.

Lab Program 1. Computes CODs,
BODs, MLSS/MLVSS/SVI, Total
Suspended Solids, Total Solids; will
run 20 samples in each category,
except TSS which runs 34. Formats
data in tabular form.

Lab Program II. 2 interactive
parts: 1) COD; 2) BOD/COD Cor-
relation. With user input factors
will compute COD, estimated BOD,
Sample sizes for BOD analysis, Ex-
pected High and Low BOD range;
includes HELP screens. Auto load
feature carries results from one part
to another. Formats data in tabular
form.

Menu driven programs. $24.95
each. SASE for information. Labsoft,
1707 King St., Jacksonville, FL
32204.

Financial Programs

Checks + Balances. Up to 60
data files for storing your checking
transactions. Automatic number of
checks (according to your present
system); plenty of room for de-
scriptive info; automatic deposit
mode; review by number or payee's
name; autosave mode saves data.
CC: $8.50 plus $1.50 s&h. Computer-
Wear Software, PO Box 1059, Dept.
1D, Riverdale, NY 10471.

IRA Organizer. Maintain a com-
plete permanent record of all your
IRA transactions (dates, deposits,
withdrawals, interest). Subtotals and
account balance computed. Menu:
enter data, display all data, cor-
rection, display account summary,
display specific transaction, save
to tape, copy to printer. CC and
documentation: $16.50. John B.
Carson, 11200 Lockwood Dr., Silver
Spring, MD 20901.

Loan Amortization. Shows break-
down between principal and interest
on loan payments; use any payment
plan; give any 3 of 4 factors and
the program calculates the fourth.
Listing: $8; CC: $15.

DEATIST

“Eat as many lemondops as I do, and you eventually have to pay the

price.”

Tax Return Organizer. Written
by an accountant; helps organize
tax records for individuals. CC:
$15.

WMJ Data Systems, 4 Butterfly
Dr., Hauppauge, NY 11788.

Rapid Finance. 19 user established
categories; up to 500 entries made
by date, category, amount, optional
comments. Numerical totals main-
tained for each category. Entries
may be searched. Much MC. Info
on request. CC: $10.95. Russell
Brewer, 26630 Mill Rd., Frazeysburg,
OH 43822.

Utility Programs

Quickdrive. 17 MC graphic and
utility routines to incorporate into
your programs; listable; explained;
Basic demo. Includes: CLS/Screen-
fill, Inverse, Border, Input Check,
Graph 1 & 2, Scroll (4 directions),
and more. CC and manual: $12.95.
Micro-load, PO Box 1095, Truth
or Consequences, NM 87901.

Educational Programs

Writing. Input a 100 word sample
of text and the program will de-
termine the educational grade level
required to understand it. An
analysis of your text will also be
prepared. CC: $8.95. UAS, PO Box
612, Haddonfield, NJ 08033.

Math Quiz. Asks questions on
grades 1-6 level. 7 levels. CC: $9.95
pp. Andy Balderson, 3390 Dent
Cres., Prince Albert, Sask., Canada
S6V 7H3.

Bible Books. Drill and practice
in recognizing New and Old Testa-
ment books, categorizing them by

type (history, letters, etc.), spelling
of the book names, arranging them
in order. $5. Abbreviated 2K drills:
$3.

Ten Commandments. Drill and
practice in completing key words
in the Ten Commandments and in
recognizing the sequence. Available
in KJV, RSV, GNB. $5.

Prodigal Son. 2 programs: 1) Pre-
sents story in frames for student
interaction; variety of questioning
techniques. 2) Simulation program
for students to reenact the decisions
made by the younger son as he
leaves his father, travels, squanders
his money, nearly starves, and then
returns in shame to receive his
father’s forgiveness. Ages 11 up.
Both programs included: $10.

Marydel Frohne, St. John United
Church of Christ, 601 N. Highway
83, Bensenville, IL 60106.

Spelling Program (2K RAM).
Drills user in self-entered words.
Fully adjustable word lengths, num-
ber of words, length of time to
study words, etc. Ideal for small
children. Prompts. Documentation
and modification instructions. In
Basic. Listing: $1.50 plus SASE. John
Osborne, Box 579, Oakwood, IL
61858.

Home Programs

Auto Diagnostic. Select your
problem areas and the computer
will perform a decision tree analysis
to pinpoint your trouble spots. Many
remedies require only simple ad-
justments. Save on costly auto repair
bills. CC: $9.95. UAS, PO Box 612,
Haddonfield, NJ 08033.

The Organizer. Inventory pro-
gram. Allows manipulation of items
through add, alter, destroy, start

January/February 1984 ° SYNC

from scratch.
The File Developer. Allows stor-
age of 100 files spread over 4 parts.
For more information write: E
and S Software, PO Box 196, Budd
Lake, NJ 07828.

Insulator. Figure gains on home
energy improvements; determine
whether savings justify cost. Listing:
$2 and SASE; CC: $10 plus $.60
s&h.

Biorhythms. Calculate physical,
mental, and emotional cycles for
any given day or 3 week period.
Listing: $2 and SASE; CC: $10 plus
$.60 s&h.

MAH Software, 341 W. Eagle
Lake Dr. Maple Grove, MN 55369.
SASE for catalog.

Astro-Data. File system with
options of the 12 signs of the Zodiac
to give information on your char-

acter, destiny, future career, and :

more. CC: $10.50 (Canadian; no
personal checks or credit cards). J.
Brunet, 857 St-Honore St., Quebec
City, Que., Canada G1J 2W2.

Schedule. Enter appointments and
short memos in any order; retrieve
them by day, week, month, or year.
Holds at least 75 items; up to 250.
CC: $7.95.

Chartmak. Six modes of operation
for line, bar, and pie charts. CC:
$9.95.

The Golden Stair, 141A Dore
St., San Francisco, CA 94103. (415)
552-1415. $1.50 s&h per order.
RPNZL application programs.

Flying Programs

Flight Planner. For pilots. Plans
entire cross country flight; true
courses, wind correction, true air
speed, groundspeed, etc. are all
calculated. Maintains data base of
airport/VOR locations; will generate
checkpoints with enroute VORs.
CC and manual: $10 pp. Joe Smiley,
8A Anthony Cir., Newark, DE
19702.

Amateur Radio

Ham Helper Series. Programs for
the Ham “Shack” from data files
to QSL printing. In Basic; easy
modification. SASE for details. Kraig
D. Pritts, Box 196, Leonardsville,
NY 13364.

Beam Heading. Calculate bearing,
miles, and kilometers from user’s
city to any location in the world.
Prints world grid centered on user’s
city.

Log Book. Provisions for input
of all log data, recall from memory
by call sign or QTH. Printout can
be used for QSL card (QSL
format).

DXCC. Keeps all ARRL countries
data. View, print, and revise records;
printout of countries worked, con-
firmed, or needed. Single or all
band.

WAS. Same as DXCC but for
states.

Dupe Sheet. Checks for duplicate
contacts before they are called.
Keeps contact number displayed
for contest use. Prints calls for
records.

Antenna Design. Design your own
cubical quad, yagi beam or inverted
Vee antenna for ham or CB radio.
Saves hours of research.

Each program on CC: $5.95 ea.
pp. Kentronics, PO Box 586,
Vernon, AL 35592.

Ham-Hacker Series. Morse Code
(16K )/2K code. Code practice with
built in audio tone. By Gary Fox
KC9MR. $14.95. Minimuf 3.5. Max-
imum usable frequency radio prop-
agation program. For DXers. By
Sandy Blaize WSTVW. $17.95. CE
Amp. Common emitter amp.
Design/test program from Syncware.
By Fred Nachbaur. $19.95. Hawg
Wild Software, PO Box 7668, Little
Rock, AR 72217.

Food Programs

Microkjeldahl Protein, Determin-
ation (S 030). Calculates total ni-
trogen (dry basis) in MG/100G and
percent protein (dry or wet basis)
for up to 50 items. Program pro-
tected by 4 sets of account numbers
and passwords. Menu driven.

Moisture- Oven Method (S 031).
Helps with tedious computation of

moisture content of food and agri-
cultural materials. Accepts raw data
from which a table of moisture
contents is printed. Up to 50 items.

Program listings: $4 pp. ea.; CC:
$7 pp. ea. Ako Tech, Dept. SL2,
1613 Dayton Rd., West Hyattsville,
MD 20783.

Graphics

Turtlart. Uses one letter com-
mands; direct the turtle to draw
just about any figure desired. Se-
quences of up to 255 steps can be
programmed. RPNZL Application.
CC: $9.95 plus $1.50 s&h. The Gold-
en Stair, 141A Dore St., San Fran-
cisco, CA 94103. (415) 552-1415.
$1.50 s&h per order.

SW Hi Res. High resolution graph-
ics on your TV; software only; no
hardware changes needed. Accesses
256 x 174 pixels. Define your own
symbols. Includes 10 utilities. CC
and instructions: $15. Add $5 for
COPY utility; prints Hi Res on
TS2040. N. Elmaleh, 5100 High-
bridge St., 53D, Fayetteville, NY
13066.

MXP: Stores and manipulates

complex formulas without pro-

gramming:

-Solves equations

- Function plotting - output to
printer

‘Complete function set (trig,
log, exp....)
User definable
($15.95)
Engineering, Physic, Math
Modules ($19.95 ea)

module

SCOVI: Software controlled video inverter to improve
displays. No hardware needed. Auto merges with your
program ($9.95)

MEMOSHA: Allows the Seikosha, Radio Shack,
Gorilla, Banana printers to list the entire graphic set
using the Memotech interface ($15.95)

SPECTREX: Creates true perspective drawings
from user defined data points; viewing angles may
be changed at will; data is entered only once and is
maintained by resident file manager ($15.95)

FINANCIAL MANAGER 1000; A completely
integrated business-home budget, expense, checking
and financial management system. Maintains
monthly and year-to-date records of 35 user defined

categories ($15.95)
SYBER

INNOVATION CAN BE
FUN - ENQUIRE ABOUT
OTHER SYBER 1325 Diller Rd
Ocean Springs, MS
39564

SOFTWARE
Phone: 601-875-3682

Co P

CIRCLE 67 ON READER SERVICE CARD

PUT YOUR T$1000/TS1500
TO WORK!

COMPUTERIZE YOUR SMALL BUSINESS ACCOUNTING

ACZ GENERAL LEDGER—This system prepares a full set of financial statements
and keeps a record of ledger transactions.

FEATURES

e Chart of Accounts for both the Income Statement and Balance Sheet.
e Add new account at any time.

e Qut-of-balance transactions are identified.

e Up to 400 entries and accounts per session.

e Sorts 150 entries in 10 seconds.

Put this high quality accounting system to work for your business. 16K $29.95
ACZ CHECK REGISTER—Does more than just balance your checkbook. IT sum-
marizes expenses by account so it’s easy to see just where your money is go-

ing. This program can be used alone or as a companion to the ACZ general
Ledger. 16K $10.95

ACZ EASY GRAPH—Simplifies bar graph preparation. It automatically
calculates the correct scale, offers continuous updates and stores 4 different
graphs in one program. Features an exclusive machine code routine that draws

a full screen, 24 column graph in less than 10 seconds. 16K $9.95

COTTAGE TECHNOLOGY
5720 W. Little York, Suite 178, Houston, Texas 77091
Check items above. Use entire ad as order form.

Amount Enclosed $
Name
Address

os a ee ee
Texas residents add 5% sales tax. All prices USA

CIRCLE 15 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Miscellaneous

Computer Stand Module. Build a
tabletop computer stand module
to hold a ZX81 or TS1000 computer
with 16K RAM pack firmly in place,
a ZX printer, provision for storing
up to 9 tapes with title edge clearly
visible. Inexpensive to build with
simple tools. Plans and instructions:
$2. W. G. Squiers, 28 West St.,
Fairfield, ME 04937.

Demo Sales Program. For all
qualifying TS1000 retailers. Program
designed by an advertising director
to help you sell more Timex
products. For details on you can
own this $40 program, write: Com-
puter-Wear Software, PO Box 1059,
Dept. 1D, Riverdale, NY 10471.

Computer Poster (2K RAM). 22
foot by 4 inch computer poster.
Very abstract; great conversation
starter. Poster and fully documented
poster program: $5.95; program
alone: $1 plus SASE. John Richard
Coffey, PO Box 448, Scottsburg,
IN 47170.

Services

Cassette and disk duplication.
Write for details. Compdisk, 6224
Oakton St., Morton Grove, IL
60053.

Games

Golf Handicapper. Compute,
save, and update golf stroke handi-
caps for up to 48 players. Menu:
add players, update player handicap,
list handicap and scores for a given
player, list all players and handicaps,
save onto tape, copy to printer,
delete player. Handicaps computed
according to USGA guidelines for
18 hole courses. CC and documen-
tation: $20. John B. Carson, 11200
Lockwood Dr., Silver Spring, MD
20901.

Pro Golf. 18 holes with all the
hazards of real golf; sand traps,
rough, and 12 clubs to keep you on
the fairway; different every time
you play.

ZX81 Football. Try your luck
against the ZX81 or another player;
all the features of professional foot-
ball; 42 different plays.

Statistics. Keep up-to-date sta-
tistics on your favorite team and
players. Predict scores of upcoming
games with amazing accuracy. Pro-
grams for baseball, hockey, football,
and soccer. Specify which game
you want.

Each game on CC: $10.95; all
three for $21.90. Certified check
or money order. R. D. Brennan,
122 The Heights Dr., Don Mills,
Ont., Canada M3C 1Y3.

4-2K Adventures (2K RAM).
Tank Track (supreme strategy); 3D
caves (can you get out?); City Skip-
per (arcade action); Zephus Lair
(arcade adventure). CC and catalog:
$10. Adventure Club, 2016 Wood-
hillcrest Rd., Mobile, AL 36609.

18 Hole Golf Game. Each course,
ball, and hole are printed. Shows
hole number, shot number, and
current score of player. Courses
get progressively harder.

Elevator Man. Your job is to
operate an elevator in a large hotel.
If you do not get to each floor
quickly enough and get the people
into the elevator, they will fall out
the hotel windows.

Phantom Bombs. Bombs coming
from another world are trying to
blow up the defense shield of your
planet. You must stop the bombs
by using a large beam which disin-
tegrates them instantly.

Air and Sea Attack. Planes and
ships are heading in on the attack.
You must stop them with missiles
before they arrive. You can control
the missiles after they are fired.

Any 2 programs for $10; all 4 for

$15 pp. Original Software, 605
Applehill, Rochester, MI 48064.

2K Game Pack (2K RAM). Key
Game, Quick Lander, I Got a Bad
Feeling ‘bout This, Etchsketch,
Sines. 5 2K Basic listings: $1 plus
SASE.

cen-TIC-pede. MC action; high
scores; multiple levels; extra large
characters. CC: $4.95.

John Richard Coffey, PO Box
448, Scottsburg, IN 47170.

-ZX/TS Black Box. 4 or more
points are hidden on a grid; locate
them by sending imaginary beams
at them and analyzing the results.
Challenges your thinking powers.
One to four players can play against
each other. Main algorithm and
other routines in MC. $10.95 plus
$1.50 s&h. U.S. currency. Aldebaran
Alpha, Box 776, R1, Hudson, PQ,
Canada JOP 1HO0.

The Assassin. The monarchs of
the land are being assassinated and
the terrorized king has hired you
(the Assassin) to eliminate the source
of distress. Graphic fantasy; offers
perplexing riddles during real time
playing; requires strategy.

Orgs & Ogres. You are in a party
of 10 fighters out to find the gold
or kill the dragon. You encounter
other monsters: orges, ogres,
kobolds. You must choose whether
to fight the monster or run. To win
you must get 1000 gold pieces or
slay the dragon.

The Dark Empire. You are com-
mander —in-chief of the rebel nobles
on the planet Rion. Can you liberate
your forces from your stronghold
and overthrow the tyrant Pyrinx?
If you can free Rion, can you help
free the Milky Way from the insi-
dious clutches of the Dark
Empire?

CC: $12.95 each. JPR Software,
PO Box 4155, Winter Park, FL
32793. (305) 646-9125.

Wizard’s Castle. Fight monsters,
hunt treasures, solve problems, de-
feat the evil wizard. 3D graphics.
Randomly created multi-level dun-
geon with over two dozen different
types of monsters, treasures, traps,
and special items. All MC. $12.95
pp. David Spellman, PO Box 2300,
Provo, UT 84603.

Hiding. You are an American
sub commander searching for a
Russian sub hiding in American
waters. Mixture of graphics and
text which acts as documentation.
Hard game of skill and luck. For
information write: E and S Software,
PO Box 196, Budd Lake, NJ 07828.

Gridlock (2K). Four games: Tow
Truck: Tell the driver where to
find your stalled car. Foggy Sea:

Cartesian coordinates help you
rescue a missing ship. Robot: Pro-
gram the robot arms to repack two
cartons in the smallest number of
moves. Easy Plot: Displays plot of
equations for Y as a function of X.

Snake Eyes (2K). Odds On: See
just how random the random num-
ber generator really is. Roulette:
Place your bets; you can win this
two-player game by chance. Loaded
Dice: The “house” has fixed this
game; figure out how. Blackjack:
Figure the changing odds to beat
the computer (dealer) at 21.

CC: $14.95 each. 2-Bit Software,
PO Box 2036, Del Mar, CA 92014.
(619) 481-3242. Visa/MC.

Mountain Raider. Your mission
is to patrol the mountainous regions
of Phelld for the demonic craft of
the Cyborg. Suddenly one swoops
down out of the sky. Will it fire on
you or is it playing chicken? Do
not waste your fire power, but, if
the demon hits you, you will walk
home. Programmable joystick. CC:
$5.95.

The Desperate Herd. Herd roams
a hot, torrid plain, grazing on the
patchy bush, always seeking more
until they find it or starve. They
reproduce only if they get something
to eat, but the herd’s gluttony leads
to a population explosion and
famine. You control metabolism,
energy requirements, growth, and
food value of the vegetation. CC:
$14.95.

Meteor Storm. Fast, arcade-style
animation. Challenge yourself to
command your craft through a storm
of interstellar debris. Skills as pilot
and gunner stretched to limit. CC:
$7.95.

The Golden Stair, 141A Dore
St., San Francisco, CA 94103. (415)
552-1415. RPNZL applications. $1.50
s&h per order.

3D Black Star. Explosions mush-
room around you; the rear scanner
shows pursuing craft. Increase speed
and fire; dodge from side to side of
the narrow corridor. Fast 3D graph-
ics. Warp drive. Full instrument
display. By. M. Sudworth.

Damper. A grid runner is needed
to shut down the power grid of the
city as the space leaches attack. A
cable cycle is provided; the rest is
up to you. Glooper. A-maze-ing.
By P. Crane.

Pioneer Trail. Western adventure
based on historical data; 20 levels
of play; mind game plus shooting.
Rifle speed uses all keys and is
measured against the player’s per-
sonal average response. By Marion
Stubbs.

Munchees. Beware of the Munch-
ees. A board creaks in the time
lost corridors. A ghostly presence,
a rush of wind, a forgotten echo
whispering around the house and a

following chuckle of ghosts. By A.
Laird.

Croaka Crawla. It is not easy
being a frog —what with the trucks
and logs, crocodiles and turtles. The
continual battle for survival. By John
Field.

CC: $14.95 each; $2 s&h per
order. Quicksilva, 426 W. Nakoma,
San Antonio, TX 78216. (512) 340-
3684.

New software line for the ZX/TS
computers: Blackjack: $12.95; Tic-
Tac-Toe: $9.95; Word Scramble:
$9.95. Free 28 page catalog describes
the line. Dynacomp, Inc., 1427 Mon-
- roe Ave., Rochester, NY 14618. (716)
442-8960.

ZX81 Games Pack. 7 games: 1K:
3-D Battle; City Bomb. 16K: Warp
Wars, Snake, Sweet Tooth, Black
Holes, Slalom.

Battleships

Alien Attack

JRS Software, 19 Wayside Ave.,
Worthing, U.K. BN13 3JU.

TS2068 software

Multiple Programs in Memory,
Text Editor and Formatter, Three
Great Real Time Games, Keyboard
Learning Game, Etchsketch, Tape
Unlocker, Touch-type Learning
Game. CC: $9.95. Substitutions may
be made for individual programs.
John Richard Coffey, PO Box 448,
Scottsburg, IN 47170.

Boards/Interfaces

FDZX1 Interface Board. Buffered
access to address, data, and control
buses; 6 decoded device codes (ex-
pandable to 18). Can be used in
automated measurement, data acqu-
isition, and instrument control.
School, laboratory, home, industry
applications. Series of science ex-
periments to incorporate computers
into science courses. Kit: $69.95;
assembled: $99.95; $2 s&h.
Visa/MC. Group Technology, PO
Box 87, Check, VA 24072. (703)
651-3153.

I/O Experimenter Board. For
Spectrum. Do I/O circuit design;
8-bit port; large prototyping area.
Bare board with description and
application information on how to
build a multichannel sound gener-
ator. $29.95 (# 2401). Elcomp Pub-
lishing, 53 Redrock Ln., Pomona,
CA 91766. (714) 623-8314.

ROMs, RAMs,
EPROMs

Uvipac EPROM Eraser. Load
EPROM into conductive foam pad

and insert in unit; usually erases in
5-20 minutes; optical fiber on-indi-
cator. $29.95; same unit with timer:
$39.95. Airmail shipping: $10. Send
1 international reply coupon for
information. Ground Control,
Alfreda Ave., Hullbridge, Essex,
U.K. SS5 6LT.

Instant Load Cartridges. Plug-in
software cartridges running pro-
grams from a replaceable ROM (also
available); load with no wait time;
eliminates cassettes. Software now
available includes arcade games,
party games, finance, utilities, sci-
entific, graphics, and more. Blank
cartridge plus any software on ROM:
$25; additional ROMs $15 each and
plug into reuseable cartridge. SASE
for free catalog. Rompak, 8206
Blackburn Ave., Los Angeles, CA
90048.

Disk Drives

Complete Floppy Disk System.
Controller (FDC-100): Works with
single and double density, single
or double sided; supports 2 drives;
40 track double density drive pro-
vides 250K storage; new DOS com-
mands integrated into Basic (no
USR, PEEK, POKE used); com-
patible with wide range of Shugart
drives. $199. Complete system Model
FDS-101: Controller; cable for 2
drives; Shugart SA-200 Disk Drive;
power supply; case for SA-200 with
space for second drive. $499. Model
FDS-102: Model FDS-101 with the
2nd drive and power supply. $760.
$3.50 s&h. For further information
write or call: Compusa Corp., 1101
Bristol Rd., Mountainside, NJ 07092.
(201) 654-7220.

Display Aids

Video Reverser. Reverses entire
screen display. Reduces eye strain;
diminishes display distortion. In-
stalled inside case (only 4 wires).
Optional switch for switching be-
tween normal and reverse. Use all
high speed devices for outstanding
character definition. $14.95 plus $1
s&h. Sight and Sound Electronics,
1120 Bailey Hill Rd., Eugene, OR
97402.

Keyboards/
Accessories

Contact Lens. Keyboard overlay;
made of clear, soft, non-glare plastic
with rectangular holes to accom-
modate even large fingers. Self-
adhesive backing; stick to original
membrane keyboard. $7.95. Warrent
Imports Group, 81 Brookmill Blvd.,
Unit 80, Agincourt, Ont., Canada
M1W 2L5. a"

= rat R

in the

"EAST

INVASION OF RUSSIA, JULY 1941

16K or 32K

You command the German Army in the invasion
of Russia to take Moscow.

32K game has:

e Large 4 screen map board

e Divisional and Brigade strength- Panzer, Infantry, calvary, etc.
e Supply lines

e Zone of controls

e Effects of winter, rainy seasons

e Actual reinforcements

e 16-20 hrs. playing time

e Can resave for continuous playing

e No fast reflexes required

16K game identical to 32K game except:

e 1 screen map board SHARP J S

e 5-6 hrs. playing time
127 NINE MILE RD.

32K-$17.95+ $2.00 S&H
16K-$14.95 + $2.00 S&H

SANDSTON, VA 23150
(804) 737-4895

CIRCLE 46 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DESIGNED TO HELP MONITOR YOUR FINANCES | (404) 433-7143
16K MINIMUM FOR T/S 1000 de ZX81
EXTENDED OR NON-EXTENDED FOR TI & TRS#0 | (404) 243-7369

REAL ESTATE SURES AEST LS

E ar 1040 LONG FORM
Cira anacysss | i [is | 1⁄9 |
pisk FILE CONCEPTS | me | ngs l

NAME

ADORESS

CITY STATE

CHARGE MY: OVSA OMC

SIGNATURE

CIRCLE 16 ON READER SERVICE CARD

January/February 1984 ° SYNC 93

DAA A

| ANNOUNCING _

classified ads

CLASSIFIED RATES: Per Word, 15 Word Mini-
mum $1.35. GENERAL INFORMATION: Prepay-
ment discounts available. Payment must
accompany order except credit card—Am. Ex.,
Diners, MC, VISA (include exp. date)—or ac-
credited ad agency insertions. Copy subject to
publisher’s approval; must be typewritten or
printed. First word set in caps. Advertisers using
P.O. Boxes MUST supply permanent address and
telephone number. Orders not acknowledged.

creative compatirg's

1984
UYER'S
UIDE

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP,
MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION
(Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)

. a. Title of Publication: SYNC

b. Publication No. 02795701

3 E ; > 2. Date of filing: October 1, 1983
They will appear in next available issue after re-
ceipt. Send order & remittance to: Classified Ad- TO PERSONA I 3. Frequency of issue: Bimonthly
vertising, SYNC Magazine, 1 Park Avenue, New a. No. of issues published annually: 6
York, NY 10016. To charge your ad to a major credit COMP [ ITERS & b. Annual subscription price: $16.00
card, call Lois Price at (212) 725-7226. For Cus-

; aS 4. Complete mailing address of known office of publica-
tomer Service, call (212) 725-4912. PERIPHERALS tion: 39 E. Hanover Avenue, Morris Plains, NJ
SOFTWARE tates
TAX RETURN ORGANIZER. Program written by an ac- 5. Complete mailing address of the headquarters or
countant that helps you organize your tax records. general business offices of the publisher: 39 E.
Program asks questions which you answer by using Hanover Avenue, Morris Plains, NJ 07950
your W-2 forms, interest statements, etc. Can be used
year after year. Program provides hard copy for tax 6. Full names and complete mailing address of publish-
records. For ZX81/TS1000 with 16K and printer. Cas- er, editor, and managing editor:
spits Magia forget pico a Sysems, 4 But- de e ER š a
terfly Drive, Hauppauge, ; itor: Davi . Hanover Avenue, Morris
O A A Plains, NJ 079
LOAN AMORTIZATION. Provide any three of the fol- Surat S o ook anor Aa
lowing factors: Amount, interest rate, number of pay- nue. Morris Plains, NJ 07950 °
ments, or payment amount. Program will calculate the ; A
unknown factor. Any payment factor can be used; 7. Owner: Ahl Computing Inc., 39 E. Hanover Avenue,
sek TS 5 al elec rae Morris Plans, NJ 07980; Zit-Davis Pualishing Com

any, One Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016
period desired; it will also total each column. Should Advice you can trust on ened ç š, 3
be used with printer but can be used without one. on selecting personal com- 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security
WMJ Data Systems, 4 Butterfly Drive, Hauppauge, N , amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities:
11788. electronic games None
FREE Timex programs! SASE brings catalog inexpen- <: : I
sive! Mailing lists, EZRAEZRA, Box 5222-YN, San Unless you have the memory of a com 10. Extent and Nature of Circulation:
Diego, California 92105. puter there’s no way you can keep track of
m all the games, programs and peripherals Average Actual No.
a oA A TS/1000 K more than a toy. ioan pense available for your computer. And even if No. Copies Copies of
of over programs: business, engineering. , Box you could, you'd still have a problem figur- Each Issue Single Issue
Ei ad athe ME hasa ing out what's best for your needs and how During Published
EXCALIBER ENTERPRISES HAS SOFTWARE for your to get the most for your money. Preceeding Nearest to
TIMEX/SINCLAIR 1000. We also carry official com- : 12 Months Filing Date
pany and third party software for Commodore-64, VIC- That s why you need the 1984 Buyers .
20, Texas Instruments 99-4/A, and Atari home com- Guide to Personal Computers & Peripher- A. Total no. copies
puters. Hardware peripherals also available. Write for als. It's a comprehensive collection of (net press run) 56,474 85,993
a free catalog. Excaliber Enterprises, Box 4775, Riv- product reviews and consumer-oriented os A ice
erside, CA 92514. (714) 359-8567. shopping advice put together by the . 1. Sales throudh dealers
ANNOUNCING CREATIVE COMPUTIN, os experts at Creative Computing magazine. and carriers, street
11984 BUYE RS G U ID E | You'll get a rundown of what's new on the — and counter š s
market. Analysis of new product perform- E EE sont seer ae rps
| TO PERSONAL COMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS l ance, reliability, operation, applications, j E
| peripherals and electronic games~in a comprehensive cor | | | cost- even What kind Of repair service you C. Total paid circulation
fection of product reviews and consumer-oriented shopping can expect. Easy-to-understand compari- (sum of 10B1 and 10B2) 43,182 61,400
|| advice from Creative Computing magazine. sons between different models. Tips on
| o o asiq tiie Guine I bugs and design problems. Plus “inside” D. Free distribution by mail,
YES! Please =$ sh m E eative Com uting’s 1984 Buyer's ey you won't get from manuals or cae Pade ic EA
uide to Person omputers & Peripherals. Enclosed is m salespeople. y ARA
check or money order for $3.95 ads $1 for Dogs an E? p : ; and other free copies 1,926 3,316
| handling. Don't buy until you've consulted the 1984
Mr./Mrs./Ms | Buyer's Guide to Personal Computers « E. Total distribution
| Pee Seep x Peripherals! Order your copy today. (sum of C and D) 45,108 64,716
a PA ER A A ER ME ee! SE masus E
| : š F. Copies not distributed
City. A O APA Ses Send to: NK2C
Guide CA, NJ and NY isis piece robe abe | Creative Computing Buyer's Guide | unaccounted, spoiled
tax Price outside USA is $6. | CN 1914, Morristown, NJ 07960 | after printing 2,056 1,577
a ES A (eman BE Ge Gd Bae AA “Sasa;
Ip) h C NO 2. Return from News
u a i YES! ease rusn me reatlve om- | Agents 9,310 19,700
D AD puting’s 1984 Buyer’s Guide to Personal
CLASSIFIE # ! Computers & Peripherals. Enclosed is my G. Total (Sum of E, F1 and
TLIN E: i check or money order for $3.95 plus $1 for 2—should equal net
HO i postage and handling. press run shown in A) 56,474 85,993
eeu ee 11. | certify that the statements made by me above are
SYNC Hotline number to place your | Mr./Mrs./Ms correct and complete.

classified ad and/or directory listing now for our
next issue! We'll give you information on ad sizes,
options, rates—everything you need to reach new
customers easily and economically. It's like having
fresh prospects right at your fingertips!
Classified Advertising

ZIFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY

Consumer Computers & Electronics

Magazine Division 5
TAL eee

(please print)

o ea A E
City.

pate AD

Please make check payable to Creative Computing
Buyer's Guide. CA, NJ and NY State residents please
add applicable sales tax. Price outside U.S.A. is $6.

WILLIAM L. PHILLIPS,
Assistant Treasurer

IT’S AN APPOINTMENT BOOK!
SEE-A-W EEK CALENDAR

A full week... at a glance! Time
planning becomes easy when your
appointments, meetings, luncheon
and dinner engagements and special
activities are in front of you.

HALF-HOUR TIME SCHEDULING
I Convenient scheduling...seven
days a week.

THINGS TO DO TODAY

telephone calls and correspondence.

SEVEN SNAP-LOCK RINGS

The seven ring format insures that
your pages won't pull out... unless
you want them to!

BEAUTIFUL, SOFT,
LEATHER-LIKE BINDER

Padded front and back, your 9 x
111 Planner is comfortable to carry.
You can take it with you wherever
you go. The sturdy, permanent
bookmark always keeps you in the
right week and the two inside
pockets enable you to keep all your
important papers in your 1984
Activity Planner.

YOUR CHOICE OF IMPRINTS

ll Order the 1984 Business Activity
Planner for everyone in your office
_..and select the cover imprint for

I Keep track of important follow-ups,

System,

each person! Available with Business
Activity Planner, Chairman of the
Board Activity Planner, Executive
Woman Activity Planner, or Execu-
tive Activity Planner.

IT’S MUCH MORE!
| Each Section is Index- Tabbed for
Instant Retrieval of Information.

FINANCIAL RECORD KEEPER

| 12 Income and Expense Reports

/ 1984 Business Tax Calendar

' Executive Compensation Checklist
| Personal Investment Portfolio

HEALTH AND FITNESS AID
I Fat - Cholesterol - Calorie Charts
Value of Various Exercises

PO. Box 16-2354, Miami, FL 33116

ZIFF-DAVIS ACTIVITY PLANNER
Please send me the following 1984 Activity

1984

Business Activity
Planner

Imagine! A complete Appointment
Book, Financial Record Keeping

Travel Information

Guide, Health and Fitness Aid
and Directory... All in one book!

No matter how organized and successful
you are today, our Planner will make

you even better in the future...or your
money back!

E? Substitution Chart for Better
Health
¡First Aid Tips

TRAVEL INFORMATION
í Average Temperatures for Most
Major Cities
í Rank and Population of the Top
100 US. Cities
© Traveling Distances

Toll-Free Telephone Numbers for
Major Airlines, Auto Rentals, Hotels,
Motels and much more!

MISCELLANEOUS

This section is filled with valu-

able information including Principal
Holidays, French and California
Wine Vintage Charts and more.

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